1. "The family is one of nature's masterpieces."

• members of your family

• appearance and character

• free-time activities

• family traditions

2. "I observe myself, and I come to know others."

• your personality

• your hobbies and interests

• leisure time

3. "A friend is a gift you give yourself."

• describe your friend, what you have in common

• how you spend time together

• a true friend - what it means for you

4. Ukraine

• geographical position

• population and big cities

• Kyiv – the capital of Ukraine

5. "First impressions are most lasting."

• invite your friend to visit Chernihiv.

• history of Chernihiv, its location

• places that are worth visiting

6. Great Britain

• geographical position

• the climate of Great Britain

• population and big cities

7. Travelling

• why people travel, means of travelling

• how you prefer travelling and why

8. My future profession

• what it requires

• its pros and cons

9. Holidays are an important time to spend with friends and family.

• holidays, festivals in Ukraine

• your favourite holiday and why

• how your family and friend celebrate holidays

10. Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine

• its location and role in the life of the country

• history of the capital, places that are worth visiting

• modern life of the city

11. The spirit of London

• the location of London and its role in the life of the country

• the main parts of the city

• history of the capital, places that are worth visiting

• modern life of the city

12. Living in a city

• pros and cons of living in a city

• pros and cons of living in the country
present your own opinion

13. “My home is my castle”

• types of dwellings people live in

• my flat / house, its location, architectural details/interior

• my favourite room

14. The person I admire

• Who is your role model and why?

• What kind of personality does he/she have?

• How has this person influenced your life and the lives of others?

My Future Profession

I’m going to tell you about my future profession. There are two most important things in anyone’s life: choosing a career and getting a job. Some pupils know what they are going to do after leaving school but for others it’s difficult to give a definite answer about their future profession. We get to know about a wide range of professions from magazines and advertisements and then we make either our own choice or follow our parents’ advice as they are also concerned about our future.
When choosing a career one should take into consideration all the possibilities that it might provide. First of all, it should be interesting. Secondly, one has to be sure to be able to find a good and well-paid job after graduating. Another important factor that influences the choice of the profession is our abilities to different disciplines. One has to analyze thoroughly which things or subjects he or she is good at, and only then make a final choice.
As for me, since my childhood I’ve known I want to be an interpreter. My choice is closely connected with the importance of foreign languages and cultures which is growing nowadays. Foreign languages are needed for communication with people on our planet. I believe that among all, English is the most universal and widely spread. It’s an official language in a vast number of countries. Besides, it’s the language of international aviation, sports, medicine, the language of science and technology, trade, cultural and business relations.
I’m quite aware that the job of an interpreter isn’t an easy one. You have to be very communicative and responsible. Moreover, be prepared to work long hours and move around a lot. But on the other hand you’ll have a chance to travel to different foreign countries and to meet a lot of interesting people. I think this profession is worth taking up. Being a student of the University I pay special attention to English and try to work hard. I hope I’ve made the right decision.

Tourist Attractions in Chernihiv

Chernihiv is a green Ukrainian city with a history of about 1300 years. This city is famous for its ancient architecture. Beautiful cathedrals and churches built in 11-13 centuries attract a lot of tourists to Chernihiv.

If you visit Chernigov for the first time it is better to start with Chernihiv rampart (the Val, the Dytynets) It is located in the oldest part of the city in the spiritual center of Chernihiv. It is the historic and cultural heart of Chernihiv. Tourists can find here the greatest concentration of churches, cathedrals, historical buildings and museums.

Spaso-Preobrazhensky Sobor or Cathedral with its golden towers that resemble up-ended ice-cream cones was founded in 1024 and it is the oldest Orthodox church in Ukraine and in Russia. Only Constantinople Sofia, which is now located in Turkey is older than this cathedral.

Here you can also see Sts. Borys and Hlib Cathedral which is famous for its “white stone” decorations (The burial place of the Chernigov princes), Chernihiv Collegium(the first educational institutions in the Left-Bank Ukraine), the History Museum, the monument to Taras Shevchenko (a famous Ukrainian poet) and of course twelve guns of various historical periods located on the Val.

St. Catherine's Church is one of the most beautiful churches in Ukraine. It is located opposite the Chernigov rampart.

Trinity Cathedral of Chernigov is also a very popular sightseeing with the tourists. This cathedral is famous for its beauty and is visible from all sides of the city.

Eletsky monastery has an unusual history. According to the legend it was founded on the place where St Antony Pechersky saw an icon of the Virgin that miraculously appeared in front of him

on the top of a fir tree. It is believed that the monastery was called in honour of this fir (in Russian language fir pronounced as Iel’ so the monastery was called Eletsky).

Archeologists have found a lot of underground passages in Chernigiv. St. Anthony’s caves form an underground monastery, founded in 1069. There is a legend that Chernigov caves were connected with Kiev caves with an underground passage.

Chernihiv is worth visiting

MY NATIVE CITY

Chernihiv is one of the most ancient and beautiful cities situated on the high right bank of the Desna River in the north of Ukraine. Its total area is 64 km2, and its population is 301 100. Ukrainians, Russians and Belarusians live here.

It is the second oldest city after Kyiv. It is about 1300 years old. Historical science testifies to the fact that people settled in the area one hundred thousand years ago. Chernihiv was founded in the 7th century and named after the prince Chorny.

The local climate is temperate continental, the average temperatures of January and July, the coldest and the hottest months of the year, are respectively -7˚C and +19˚C.

Chernihiv is an important transportation crossing of roads and railways of both international and national importance. It is the capital of Chernihiv Region, which includes 22 districts, 15 towns, 31 settlements and 1519 villages.

Chernihiv is the cultural centre, there is a Drama theatre, Youth and Puppet theatres, Philharmonic, a few Houses of Culture and cinemas, there are 35 general secondary schools here.

The main educational establishments worth mentioning are the Chernihiv Taras Shevchenko Pedagogical University, the Chernihiv Technological University, the Chernihiv Institute of Economy and Management, the Chernihiv Levko Revutskyy Musical College, and 8 technical secondary schools.

Red Square has appeared in Chernigov in XVIII-XIX centuries and nowadays it is the central city square.

Chernihiv region is rich in gas, oil, peat and construction materials (sand and clay).

Z novym rokom ta Rizdvom Khrystovym! This is how you say “Happy New Year and Merry Christmas” in Ukrainian. The New Year is the most favourite enjoyable and joyful holiday in Ukraine. We celebrate it on the 31^st of December. The week before the New Year is a busy one with shopping, parties at work and at schools, decorating pine and fir-trees, and cooking the most delicious meals.

Choosing the New Year tree and decorating it for the holiday is one of the most pleasant things to do. Some people place artificial trees, others buy real fir trees at the markets. In many families decorating trees is a family activity. We decorate the New Year tree with colourful lights, balls, bells, stars, toys sweets, nuts. Children like making snowflakes from paper and placing them in the windows.

Buying presents is a problem and joy at the same time. People give each other small souvenirs, greeting cards, chocolates, bottles of champagne. Toys, books, CDs, clothes, jewellery, perfumes etc.

A good hostess starts preparing her New Year’s menu several weeks beforehand. Festive dishes are different but the most popular salads are Olivier and “Shuba”.

Closer to midnight everybody watches Greetings from the President on TV. As the clock strikes 12 times people open their champaign bottles and congratulate each other on the New Year. Then, there is a firework display to make the whole event an exciting time for everyone. People dance, watch music programs on TV, sing karaoke, eat, drink, find presents under the tree, go outside to do own fireworks show…this list is endless. Some people go to bed at once. Some take a taxi and go to their friends to celebrate together.

It is a magic time for children. At night Father Frost comes. He puts the presents for children under the New Year tree. His grand-daughter Snow Maiden helps him.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Geographical position.

The British Isles are a group of islands lying to the north-west of the continent of Europe. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. The two islands are separated by the Irish Sea.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the official name of the state which is situated in the British Isles. It consists of four countries which are England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. England, Wales and Scotland are situated in Great Britain. Their capitals are London, Cardiff and Edinburgh respectively. Northern Ireland is situated in the north-eastern part of Ireland. Its capital is Belfast. The larger part of Ireland is the independent Irish Republic. The capital of the UK is London.

The UK is separated from the continent by the English Channel and the Strait of Dover. Once the British Isles used to be a part of the continent. The nearest point to Europe is the Strait of Dover

The United Kingdom is also washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the north and the North Sea in the east.

The territory of the United Kingdom is about 244000 square kilometres. It is the 75th place among other countries in the world. The population is over 55 million.

the British Isles ['brɪtɪʃ aɪlz] – Британські острови

an island ['aɪlənd] – острів

Europe ['juərəp] – Європа

consist of [kən'sɪst] - складатися з

Great Britain [`greɪt'brɪt(ə)n] - Велика Британія, Великобританія

Ireland ['aɪələnd] - Ірландія (острів і держава)

To be separated by - ['sep(ə)rətid] [baɪ] - розділяти(ся) чимсь

the Irish Sea ['aɪ(ə)rɪʃ] – Ірландське море

The United Kingdom [ju:'naɪtid] ['kɪŋdəm] - Сполучене Королівство

Northern Ireland ['nɔ:ð(ə)n] - Північна Ірландія

official [ə'fɪʃ(ə)l] – офіційний

state [steɪt] – держава

to be situated ['sɪtjueɪtɪd] - розташований, розміщений

England ['ɪŋglənd] – Англія

Wales [weɪlz] – Уельс

Scotland ['skɔtlənd] – Шотландія

London ['lʌndən] – Лондон

Cardiff ['kɑ:dɪf] – Кардіфф

Edinburgh ['edɪnb(ə)rə] – Единбург

respectively [rɪ'spektɪvlɪ] – відповідно

Belfast ['belfɑ:st] – Белфаст

independent [ɪndɪ'pendənt] – незалежний

the Irish Republic [rɪ'pʌblɪk] – Ірландськa Pеспубліка

to be washed by - омивати

the Atlantic Ocean [ət'læntɪk 'əuʃ(ə)n] – Атлантичний океан

the North Sea [nɔ:θ] [si:] – Північне море

the English Channel ['ʧæn(ə)l] – Ла-Манш; Англійський канал

the Strait of Dover [streɪt ɔv 'dəuvə] - Дуврська протока, Па-де-Кале

square [skwɛə] - площа, сквер, квадратний

kilometre [kɪ'lɔmɪtə]

population [pɔpju'leɪʃ(ə)n] - населення

THE PLACES TO VISIT

London is the capital of England. It is its political and business centre. The heart of London is the City. It is the oldest part of London. Many people work in the City but very few live there. There are many banks and other offices there too. You can visit some interesting places in

the City or near it. One of them is the Tower of London. The Tower of London was a fortress, a palace, a prison and the King's Zoo.

Now it is the museum. You can see a lot of interesting things in the halls of the White Tower. Its square walls are white and very tall.

William the Conqueror built it in the eleventh century. There are always black ravens in the Tower of London. People keep them in the Tower of London and look after them very well as they believe that London will be rich while ravens live there.

One of the greatest English churches, St. Paul's Cathedral, is not far from the Tower of London. The famous English architect Sir Christopher Wren built it in the 17th century after the Great Fire. It took Sir Christopher Wren 35 years. It is a beautiful building with

many columns and towers. In one of its towers there is one of the largest bells in the world.

The centre of London is Trafalgar Square. Some people say it is the most beautiful place in London. In the middle of the square stands a tall column. It is a monument to Admiral Nelson. Four bronze lions look at the square from the monument. There are two beautiful fountains in the square. They are in front of the National Gallery which is one of the best picture galleries of the world. Every day many tourists visit this fine building with tall columns.

A fortress ['fɔ:trə(i)s] – фортеця

A centre ['sentə] – центр

A palace ['pælɪs], [-əs] – палац

A prison ['prɪz(ə)n] - в'язниця

A square [skwɛə] – площа, квадратний

A century ['senʧ(ə)rɪ] – століття

А raven [‘reɪv(ə)n] - ворон

A church [tʃə:tʃ]церква

An architect ['ɑ:kɪtekt] – архітектор

А building – будинок, будівля, споруда [frʌnt]

A tower ['tauə] – вежа

In the middle of - посередині

А column ['kɔləm] - колона

monument ['mɔnjumənt] – пам’ятник

fountain ['fauntɪn] – фонтан

in front of [frʌnt] - перед

the City — Сіті, діловий квартал у центрі Лондона

the Tower of London — Лондонський Тауер

William the Conqueror ['kɔŋk(ə)rə] - Вильгельм Завойовник

St. Paul`s Cathedral [seint po:lz [kə'θi:dr(ə)l] – Собор святого Павла

sir Christopher Wren [sə: 'krɪstəfə ren]

the Great Fire ['faɪə] – Велика пожежа

Trafalgar Square [trə'fælgə] –Трафальгарська площа

Admiral Nelson ['ædm(ə)rəl]

the National Gallery [,næʃənl'gælərɪ] – Національна галерея

Answer the questions.

1. My Family

I am Zhilin Andrey. Andrey is my name and Zhilin is my surname. I am seventeen years old. I want to tell you a few words about my family. My family is not large. I have got mother, father and grandmother. There are four of us in the family.

First of all some words about my parents. My mother is a teacher of biology. She works in a school. She likes her profession. She is a good-looking woman with brown hair. She is 44 but she looks much younger. My father is computer-programmer. He is forty-six. My father often sings and when we are at home and have some free time I play the guitar and we sing together. He is also handy with many things. When he was little he liked to take everything to pieces. My grandmother told me a story that ones my father tried to repair their kitchen clock but without success. They had to give it to a repairman. But it happened a long time ago. Now he can fix almost everything.

My parents have been married for 18 years. They have much in common, but they have different views on music, books, and films. For example, my father likes horror films and my mother likes soap operas. My father is fond of tennis. My mother doesn’t go in for sports. My parents are hardworking people. My mother keeps house and takes care of my father and me. She is very good at cooking. My grandmother is a pensioner. She lives with us and helps to run the house. She is fond of knitting.

I want to become a student. I’d like to learn foreign languages. I always try to be in good mood. We have got a lot of relatives.

Family traditions

Birthday is a very wonderful day. Everybody likes to celebrate it. It is a good opportunity to spend time with friends, parents, relatives.

            I was born on the 10th of January. In the morning on my birthday my parents lay the presents near my bed. So the first thing I see when I open my eyes is my presents. My Mum and Dad and my little brother come to my room to congratulate me and to sing "Happy Birthday".
            Usually we hold my birthday party in the evening. Once we went to a cafe to celebrate my birthday, but usually we celebrate it at home. We clean the house the day before my birthday. In the morning of a birthday party day my father goes shopping and buys everything we need. My mother bakes a cake or pie.
           In the evening the food is cooked, the table is laid. We put on evening suits and dresses and wait for the guests. The flat looks nice and cosy. I am always very glad to meet my guests. I like getting flowers and presents. Mum gives me the telegram from my aunt. We have an abundant dinner on this day. Mum brings in the birthday cake. I blow the candles out. We dance and sing songs, play games and laugh, joke, tell funny stories. I think that my birthday is one of the best days in a year.

Family Life

How close are you as a family? We usually see each other at least once a month, maybe more often. We have lunch together on Sunday if we haven't got anything special to do. We live in Chernihiv, which is about an hour and a half away from Kyiv where my grandmother lives. It's not so far.

Usually my uncle and aunt are there too, we're quite a large family! Sometimes my brother and his girlfriend come over. They live nearby. The meal takes about four hours, we spend a lot of time chatting.

There's no one we call the head of the family, although my father's opinion is very important in all decisions we take. My uncle Vova is older than my father, so I suppose he's the real head of the family.

When my grandfather was alive, he liked to think that the whole family organized itself around him, but these days it's different. But we all try to discuss things together when we meet.

In most families, it's a small family group who lives in the same house: mother, father and the children before they get married. But if one of the grandparents dies, the other usually sells their home and goes to live with their children. So it's quite common to have one grandparent living with you.

Most children leave home when they get married. But there are some people who want to lead independent lives and they find a flat as soon as they start their first job, even before they get married. Of course, the main problem is that flats are so expensive to rent here, and we simply have to live with our parents.

2. About Myself

My name is ... I am seventeen (sixteen, eighteen). I live in Rostov-on-Don. My address is ... My telephone number is...

I am tall (not very tall, short, middle-sized). I am thin (not very thin, rather fat). My face is round (square, oval). I have a fair (dark) complexion. My forehead is narrow (broad) and low (high). I have a straight (turned up, crooked, aquiline) nose and a protruding (round) chin. My eyebrows are bushy (pencilled), my eyelashes are thick (thin) and long (short). I have large (small) blue (hazel, black, grey) eyes. My hair is black (fair, dark, blond, chestnut), straight (curly) and long (short, not very long).

As all children of my age I go to school. My favourite subjects are …. I’m good at …

I study two foreign languages: German (French) and English.

I like my future profession and I am going to do my best to become a good specialist.

I live with my family. It is large (small, not very large) and very good.

When my parents are not at home I like to watch horror films. By the way, my parents are cool people. I do not have problems with them. They married at early age, that is why they quite young and understand me well. My Mum is a real beauty with long wavy hair and dark eyes. My Dad is a lawyer. He is a tall and handsome man with dark hair and green eyes. My parents are always busy and if we have free time we spend it together. We love each other very much and always try to help each other and to spend as much time together as we can. I have a lot of friends too.

In my free time I like to visit Judo classes and to ride a horse. I am fond of reading and playing computer games. My favourite sport is football (swimming, tennis, hockey). My friends and I often get together to play different games, to go for a walk or to the disco or simply to talk.

When I have free time I like to listen to music, draw pictures and take photos of nature (especially I like flowers). I like to play with my beloved cat Max, who likes to sleep in my bed and who adores when I devote him my spare time.

About Myself

It is both pleasant and a bit difficult to speak about myself. It is pleasant because every person enjoys speaking about his or her interests, likes or dislikes. But at the same time it is difficult because to study a person, especially yourself, is a great journey, not a little walk.

Speaking about my character, first of all, I'd like to define what character is. These are some qualities that make a person different from others. People often say that I am not like others. I don't think that I am something special. When candles are out all cats are grey. But of course if you come closer and turn on the light, you can see that some features are typical of me.

But, to cut the long story short, I think I am a good humoured, very responsible, hardworking and emotional person. I like creativity and appreciate this trait in others. I don't like to lie and I feel when others do. I try not to be late and I hate when others don't come on time. I prefer to socialise with clever and polite people. It is very annoying when somebody whom I trust turns out to be unreliable.

But I try to treat other people in the way I’d like them to treat me. I am looking for a person with a strong and sound body and mind, who is interesting to talk to, whom I can trust and rely on.

As for my interests, I am fond of psychology in the sphere of dealing with people and the questions of how to form your thoughts in the most favourable way. I adore travelling, seeing other people with their traditions and customs, gettig acquainted with their culture, going sightseeing. Besides, I like different kinds of music. I like music with the rhythm you can dance to.

My Hobby - My Pets

I have several hobbies. But my major hobby is looking after my pets. I am fond of animals. I think nothing else in our life could supply us with more pleasant emotions than our pets. It is so pleasant to know that somebody needs you and loves you only for the fact that you exist. Your friends can betray you, but your pets — never.

Now let me tell you about my pets. I have two cats and a dog. One cat is male. Its name is Ryzhyk. He is 5 years old. His fur is reddish-brown. He likes playing with a ball. Actually, he has a dog-like behaviour. He performs different tricks and prefers the company of the dog to the company of the cat. Hes’ won several prizes at different Cat Shows.

My second cat is of no breed. It's a female. Her name is Makha. She is 4 years old, long-haired, tabby. She doesn't like lively games. Her favourite pastime is lying on the windowsill and thinking about the sense of life.

And the youngest of my pets is French bulldog, 2 years old. Her name is Zhuzha. She is spotted in colour. She also has some prizes from the Dog Shows. It's a cheerful little dog whose loyalty is almost unlimited.

To my opinion, the role of pets in our life is best described by Austrian zoologist Conrad Lorenz. In one of his books he said: "In rapid current of our life a present-day man from time to time wants to feel he is still himself, and nothing can give him such a pleasant confirmation of it, but "four legs" mincing behind".

Leisure time and hobby

Many men, many minds. All people are different and they prefer spending their free time in different ways. Some of them go the parks, forests, to the country and enjoy the beauty of nature. Others like to stay at home watching TV or reading books. There are people who are fond of cinema and theatres, so they try to go there as often as possible. As for me, I prefer to spend my free time in different ways. I like going in for sports, playing football, basketball or volleyball with my friends. I like watching TV, listening to a tape recorder and playing computer games. Also I like going for a walk in the country where I enjoy the beauty of nature. And my way of spending free time is connected with my hobby. And my hobby is reading books...

I'd like to say that it's hard to imagine our life without books. Books play a great role in the development of personality. They help us to forget our daily problems and to pretend we travel to the past, future and to many different, wonderful places that we can’t visit in reality. I am also sure that books are our good friends and teachers. From them we get to know the life around as better, they teatch as how to tell right from wrong, love our Motherland, understand friendship, people's feelings. So, they teach us how to live. As for me I like reading different kinds of books: ......

My hobby

Hobby is what a person likes to do in his spare time. Hobbies differ like tastes. If you have chosen a hobby according to your character and taste you are lucky because your life becomes more interesting. Hobbies are divided into four large classes: doing things, making things, collecting things, and learning things.

The most popular hobby group is doing things. It includes a wide variety of activities, everything from gardening to travelling and from chess to volleyball. Gardening is one of the oldest man's hobbies. It is a well-know fact that the English are very found of gardening and growing flowers, especially roses. Both grown-ups and children are fond of playing different computer games. This hobby is becoming more and more popular.

Making things includes drawing, painting, making sculpture, designing costumes, handicrafts. Two of the most famous hobby painters were President Eisenhower and Sir Winston Churchill.

Some hobbyists write music or play musical instruments. President Bill Clinton, for example, plays the saxophone.

Almost everyone collects something at some period in his life: stamps, coins, matchboxes, books, records, postcards, toys, watches. Some collections have no real value. Others become so large and so valuable that they are housed in museums and galleries.

Many world-famous collections started in a small way with one or two items. People with a good deal of money often collect paintings, rare books, and other art objects. Such private collections are sometimes given to museums, libraries and public galleries so that others might take pleasure in seeing them.

No matter what kind of hobby a person has, he always has the opportunity of learning much from it. Learning new things can be the most exciting hobby.

As for me, I like listening to music. Three months ago my parents bought me a compact disc player and I decided to collect compact discs. I like different music, it should be good. I collect discs of my favourite groups and singers. I carefully study the information printed on discbooklets. I try to find everything about my favourite singers. Also I like to watch music programmes on TV. I want to keep up with the news in the world of music.

Of course, I like spending my spare time with my friends. We talk about all sorts of things ( politics, teachers, girls). We discuss films, books, TV programmes. In fine weather we like to be in the open air. We find a nice place somewhere in the forest. We make a fire, bake potatoes and have a lot of fun. When the weather is bad, my friends come to my place. We have a good time together.

And my hobby is reading books...

I'd like to say that it's hard to imagine our life without books. Books play such a great role in the development of personality. They help us to forget our daily problems and to pretend we travel to the past, future and to many different, wonderful places that we can’t visit in reality. I am also sure that books are our good friends and teachers. From them we get to know the life around as better, they teach us how to tell right from wrong, love our Motherland, understand friendship, people's feelings. So, they teach us how to live. As for me, I like reading different kinds of books: ......

3. My friend

I have a lot of friends. Most of them are classmates. My best friend’s name is Andrey. He is fourteen. He lives with his parents not far from the school. Andrey has a lot of hobbies: he likes playing the computer, reading detective stories, collecting butterflies. He likes animals, especially cats. He has got a cat Lastik at home. Andrey has short, light hair and grey eyes. He is quite short and rather thin. He always manages to be cheerful, energetic, and full of life and energy. He is helpful and honest. Andrey is very popular. He is a helpful person and every time he tries to do his best to help somebody who has problems. Andrey is very attentive to his parents. Of course, he has some drawbacks - sometimes he is a hurly-burly boy, a bit stubborn. But I still like him as he has a good sense of humour and is pleasant to deal with. We spend much time together - watch video or listen to the music, walk or go to the cafe discussing all sorts of things. Our friendship helps me feel strong and sure of myself.

My friend

I'd like to tell you about my friend. She is my classmate. She is very diligent and kind-hearted. She is willing to help old people and animals. She is good at Mathematics. She is interested in History. She is a bright girl and does her lessons quickly and easily. She listens very attentively to all the explanations in class. She is extremely fond of reading. I have much in common with her and we never quarrel, because there is no reason for it. We have common ideas, opinions and we discuss different problems together. I think she is rather beautiful. She has a snub nose, curly hair. She is a pretty girl.

My Best Friend

I have many friends. I like my friends. When we gather, we play computer games, chat, and make lots of noise. I like noise. To my mind, people should have as many friends as possible, because if you have no friends, you just become a very dull and boring person. It is fine when you have friends, who are able to understand you and support and help in difficult situations.

We have much in common and we enjoy communicating with each other.

One of my friends is Sergey. He is thirteen. I can say that he is a good guy. He is a schoolboy. He wants to be a businessman like his father. He studies well, but he is not a hardworking person.

When we gather together we like to play computer games, to watch new movies and discuss them. His favourite subject at school is Maths. He is keen on Maths. I guess he might become a great mathematician, but he wants to be like his father.

We are friends for a long time. We trust each other. We have some personal secrets. I can tell him about my troubles and he always helps me, if he can.

I'm happy to have such a good friend as Sergey.

4. Ecology

In recent years the environmental problems have become extremely urgent and received a great publicity. They are the result of scientific and technological progress of the 20-th century. But people also do a lot of harm to nature because they don't understand that the man is the part of the environment. The relationship between man and nature has become one of the most vital problems facing civilization today.

The ecological problems are: air, water and noise pollution, cutting down forests, animals are used for scientific researches, hunting rare animals, oil spills, contamination, ultraviolet radiation, carbon dioxide increase, holes in ozone layer, forest fires, sewage, fumes, overfishing, nuclear weapon tests, etc.

Now we face the following results: extinction of many species, global warming, shortage of water, acid rains, deforestation, droughts, floods, etc.

Cars are one of the most harmful and dangerous polluters of air. In more than a hundred towns and cities the concentration of harmful substances in the air and water is 10 times over the admissible level. Besides, we must remember about ozone holes over our heads. The ozone layer doesn't protect us from dangerous ultraviolet rays any more. They get through the atmosphere causing skin cancer and other diseases. All these facts make us become more sensitive towards the environment.

To help the environment we should create special zones for animals, make the logging companies plant trees, use less plastic and paper, reduce carbon dioxide emission, and use less aerosol spray. There should be a strong public reaction to the problems. It’s necessary to keep our environment clean and explore nature in the right way.

Various public organizations and unofficial movement make their best to change official and public opinion on the environmental problems. I suppose the solution of the problem requires the cooperation of the people's efforts in nature conservation.

Animals need help. Earth is in danger.

People have lived on our planet for many years. They lived and live on different continents, in different countries. People depend on their planet, on the sun, on animals and plants around them. People must take care of the Earth.

Our ecology is becoming worse and worse with every new day. Many species of animals and birds are disappearing nowadays. People destruct wildlife, cut down rainforests. They forget that people can’t live without trees and plants, because they fill air with oxygen.

Air and water pollution is a big problem too. One of the reasons is rubbish. Most of our rubbish goes to big holes in the ground, called ‘dumps’. But dumps are very dangerous for our life because they are full of rats, which can carry infections away from dumps. Another way to get rid of rubbish is to burn it. But the fires make poisons, which go into the air and pollute it. But pollution isn’t the only actual problem.

Many endangered species now face extinction. People hunt whales for their meat and oil, elephants for their tusks, crocodiles for their leather and so on. And also animals are used for medical experiments. Monkeys, whales, pandas and others can become extinct in the wild. Conservationists are trying to save animals from extinction.

Of course, people can’t stay indifferent to these problems. There are a lot of special organizations, which try to save our nature. They are are: The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (The RSPCA), the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Greenpeace. The RSPCA tries to protect animals from bad use. The WWF rescued several species of animals, mammals as well as birds. These organizations also helped to create more than 250 National parks. Greenpeace campaigns in many countries around the world. Now Greenpeace is a world-famous organization, which saves plants, animals and people. These organizations try to rescue animals, help them to survive and save the jungle rainforests which are in danger of destruction. And they also help animals because many of them have already gone as they have nowhere to live. Their homes, the trees, have disappeared. We must save wild animals. And we must find the right way to save land, people and animals. We must take care of nature, because we are part of it.

5. Sports and a healthy way of life

Sport is very important in our life. It is popular among young and old people. Many people do morning exercises, jog in the morning, train themselves in clubs, in different sections and take part in sport competitions. Other people like sports too, but they only watch sports games, listen to sports news. They prefer reading interesting stories about sportsmen. But they don't go in for sports. Physical training is an important subject at school. Pupils have got physical training lessons twice a week. Boys and girls play volley-ball and basket-ball at the lessons. There is a sportsground near our school and school-children go in foi sports in the open air. A lot of different competitions are held at schools, a great number of pupils take part in them. All participants try to get good results and become winners. Sport helps people to keep in good health. If you go in for sports, you have good health and don't catch cold. Children and grown-ups must take care of their health and do morning exercises regularly. There are some popular kinds of sports in our country: football, volley-ball, hockey, gymnastics, skiing, skating. Athletics is one of the most popular kinds of sports. It includes such kinds of sports as running, jumping and others. Everybody may choose the sport he (or she) is interested in. There are summer and winter sports. My favourite sport is swimming. I go to the swimming-pool twice a week. But I prefer to rest by the lake or the river and swim there. My friend Kostya goes in for boxing. He is a good boxer and he is a brave and courageous boy. His hobby helps him in his everyday life.

Healthy lifestyle

Nowadays our life is getting more and more tense. People live under the press of different problems, such as social, ecological, economic and others. They constantly suffer from stress, noise and dust in big cities, diseases and instability. A person should be strong and healthy in order to overcome all difficulties. To achieve this aim people ought to take care of their physical and mental health. There are several ways to do it. The state of your body depends on how much time you spend doing sports. At least everybody must do morning exercises every day. The most healthy kinds of sports are swimming, running and cycling. Healthy food is also a very important factor. Overeating causes many dangerous diseases. The daily menu should include meat, fruit and vegetables, milk product, which are rich in vitamins, fat, proteins and etc. On the other hand modern diets are very popular especially among women. Diets may be harmful, if they are used in the wrong way. To be healthy, people should get rid of their bad habits. It's necessary to stop smoking and drinking much. Everyone should remember that cigarettes, alcohol and drugs destroy both body and brain. Besides according to statistics most of crimes are committed by people under the influence of drugs and alcohol. In addition it is recommended to watch TV less, avoid anxiety and observe daily routine. Certainly it's hard to follow all these recommendations, but every person have to choose between healthy life style and numerous illnesses.

How to keep fit

I you want to feel fit you’d better go in for one kind of sport or another. I should admit that everyone must do all he can to be healthy. Good health is better than the best medicine. «You have a sound mind in a sound body» as the old Latin saying goes. The English proverb «Sickness in the body brings sickness to the mind» expresses a similar idea but from different point of view. All kinds of physical exercises are very useful to make our bodies strong and to keep ourselves fit and healthy. To tell the truth I don’t do sports regularly and it is not an essential part of my daily life. In the morning I do some exercises just to awake. Then some aerobics for myself. It puts me into the fine moods. In summer I go swimming as there is a beautiful river with pure water where My

Granny lives. In winter, it’s rather long at our place, I should say, I prefer skiing (There is nothing like the sight of a winter forest - a real fairy-tale). I like to ride the bike and toboganning in winter. Mum says that I’m to old to do it, why not after all? I shouldn’t call myself a sports fan. Of course , I like to watch sports competitions on TV . Fortunately , they show different ones - football , basketball . I like tennis tournaments very much . I think , it’s a very intelligent kind of sport for clever thinking people . Also I admire skiing championships , biathlon , swimming . But what I like most is basketball . The best games are viewed on TV. I came to know that modern basketball appeared in 1891 in the USA. The originator, John Naismith was a coach at the college. He invented the baskets and the rules of the game. Since then basketball has be become very popular and is spread all over the world. It is the sport of strong tall men, the sport of giants. Doing sports a man become strong, healthy and gay. He begins to take care of his health. «Good health is better than wealth», you know. It’s true, I should say. In our school we have a nice gym. Sports and games are popular among pupils. A lot of children train at special sport schools.

6. Great Britain

            The United Kingdom (or Great Britain) is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. Their total area is over 244,000 square kilometres.
            The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland (on the island of Great Britain), and Northern Ireland (on the island of Ireland). Their capitals are London, Cardiff, Edinburgh, and Belfast respectively. The capital of the UK is London.
            The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.
            The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands, while the south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called the Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous, but all the rest — east, centre, and south-east — is a vast plain. Mountains are not very high. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1,343 m).
            There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest one.
            The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean, and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence on the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round.
            The UK is one of the world's smallest countries. Its population is over 57 million. About 80 % of the population is urban.
            The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world's largest producers and exporters of machinery» electronics, textile, aircraft, and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding.

            The UK is a constitutional monarchy. In law, Head of the State is Queen. In practice, Queen reigns, but does not rule. The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

            There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour, the Conservative, and the Liberal parties.

London

London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and cultural centre. It's one of the largest cities in the world. Its population is more than million people. London is situated on the river Thames. The city is very old and beautiful. It was founded more than two thousand years ago. Traditionally London is divided into several parts: the City, the West End, the East End and Westminster. The City is the oldest part of London, its financial and business centre. The heart of the City is the Stock Exchange. Westminster is the most important part of the capital. It's the administrative centre. The Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British Government, are there. It's a very beautiful building with two towers and a very big clock called Big Ben. Big Ben is really the bell which strikes every quarter of an hour. Opposite the Houses of Parliament is Westminster Abbey. It's a very beautiful church built over 900 years ago. The tombs of many great statesmen, scientists and writers are there.

To the west of Westminster is West End. Here we find most of the big shops, hotels, museums, art galleries, theatres and concert halls. Picadilly Circus is the heart of London's West End. In the West End there are wide streets with beautiful houses and many parks, gardens and squares. To the east of Westminster is the East End, an industrial district of the capital. There are no parks or gardens in the East End and you can't see many fine houses there. Most of the plants and factories are situated there. London has many places of interest. One of them is Buckingham Palace. It's the residence of the Queen. The English are proud of Trafalgar Square, which was named so in memory of the victory at the battle. There in 1805 the English fleet defeated the fleet of France and Spain. The last place of interest I should like to mention, is the British Museum, the biggest museum in London. The museum is famous for its library -one of the richest in the world.

All London's long-past history is told by its streets. There are many streets in London which are known all over the" world. Among them Oxford Street, Downing Street and a lot of others can be mentioned. And tourists are usually attracted not only by the places of interest but by the streets too. In conclusion I should say if you are lucky enough to find yourself in London some day you will have a lot to see and enjoy there.

8. Computers in my life

Computer addicts are the minority of computer users but there is no doubt that more and more young people are computer literate. Computer study is a subject in many schools and many young people have personal computers. About one in three hundred computer owners spend almost all their time using computers.

Ninety six per cent of them are males of all ages. All of them spend an average of twenty hours per week on home computers. The majority of the adults also use computers at work. All the computer addicts are very intelligent. They have been interested in science and technology from a very early age and they are usually very shy people who like being alone.

A survey in a school showed that fewer girls are interested in computers because girls are less likely to have a computer. Even if they have one, they use then less frequently than boys. Possibly it is because we think of computers as something to do with maths and science, which are traditionally 'male' subjects. Possibly it is because most of the computer teachers are men, who give the girls less attention. Possibly parents think it is less important for girls to have computer skills.

Computer addicts are usually very shy people. Using computers gives them confidence. They love debugging and solving problems, develop programs and love learning programming languages. They learnt to communicate with other users through computer networks and the people they met in school and work think of them as experts who could help and advise when they had problems with their machines. A few spend their time 'hacking' and one addict left a message on a computer of Buckingham House. Very few computer addicts play computer games, but many people use a computer exclusively for games.

Some parents worry about computer games because they think their children won't be able to communicate with real people in the real world. But parents do not need to worry. According to research computer addicts usually do well after they have left school. Parents also do not need to worry that computer addiction will make their children become unfriendly and unable to communicate with people.

It is not the computer that makes them shy. In fact, what they know about computers improves their social lives. They become experts and others come to them for help and advice.

For most children computer games are a craze. Like any other craze, such as skate-boarding, the craze is short-lived. It provides harmless fun and a chance to escape.

If we didn't have these computer addicts, we wouldn't have modern technology. They are the inventors of tomorrow.

Internet Addiction

Last week, in a private rehabilitation clinic outside Edinburgh, Leo Edwards, a sixteen-year-old schoolboy, was going through severe withdrawal symptoms. His body often shook violently and uncontrollably, and at mealtimes he regularly threw cups and plates around the dining room. The boy's addiction had nothing to do with alcohol, drugs, gambling or food. His problem was 'Net obsession'— an over-dependency on the Internet.

An international group of psychologists has recently suggested that anyone who surfs the Internet for long periods is clinically ill and needs medical treatment. According to their report, Internet addicts should be treated in the same way as alcoholics, drug addicts, compulsive gamblers and people with eating disorders.

Leo Edwards is not an isolated case. Russell Hopkins, aged fifteen, from Gates head in north-east England, is a typical online addict.

Every day after school, and after dinner until three or four in the morning, he will be found in his room surfing the Net or playing computer games. By the end of the day he will have spent more than six hours online. Understandably, his parents are extremely worried. Not only has his school work suffered, but Russell's addiction has also destroyed his social life and his spare-time interests. For instance, he has just dropped out of his school's basketball team in order to spend more time at his computer. Instead of spending next weekend having a good time out with friends, he'll be spending it indoors surfing the Internet.

Russell has recently joined an Internet online support group. It may seem ironic that many of the support groups for Internet addicts are online but at least Russell has sought help. Not everyone does. Dr Ann Hoffman, who runs an online support group, says, "People don't realise that being online for more than four hours a day amounts to addiction and that they have a serious problem. I predict that the number of people who join online support groups will have risen dramatically within three years."

Are computers a necessity?

Computers play an important role in the lives of most of us today, whether we realize it or not. Some people, however, are beginning to ask if we really need them. In my opinion, computers have become a necessary part o modern life.

One of the main advantages is the time that can be saved by using a computer and computers can save a lot of storage place.

In addition to this, computers can be educational and fun. From a very young age, children can gain basic computer skills through programmes that allow them to learn, draw, paint and play. Stored information can be found at the touch of a button. This knowledge can help them in the future.

However, there are various negative aspects to using computers. Many jobs have been lost due to the fact that computers can do a lot of tasks more efficiently than humans.

What is more, computers can actually cause health problems. Endless hour in front of a screen can cause eye strain and headaches, which are serious side-effects. We have become too dependent on computers.

All in all, I strongly believe that computers are a useful tool. They have changed our life for the better. However, it must be remembered that they are here to serve us – not to replace us.

The Internet

Lately computers have filled our life. Now they are almost in each family. We have got used to them and we don’t imagine our leisure without this miracle-machine.

With the help of computers the Internet has entered our life. Now people cannot live a day without checking their mail and visiting their favourite sites.

The Internet is the world in which there are mail boxes, libraries, photo galleries, games, shops. By means of the Internet people can travel to different cities, visit tourist places, communicate with people.

On the other hand, if we spend a lot of time surfing the Net, we lose a touch with the real world, get in a full dependence on a computer.

Children on the Net: yes or no?

The Internet is a great learning tool for children, but what about the problems and dangers if children are allowed to surf the net on their own?

Many people are in favour of children using the Internet. Firstly, the net is already part of our world, so everyone – including children – needs to use it. Secondly, children can learn about other countries and their cultures. They can meet people from all over the world, and make friends in faraway places.

On the other hand, some people are against letting children surf the net on their own. Many children use the net for playing games, not for learning anything. What is more, some ‘adult’ web sites are really not suitable for children.

In conclusion, the Internet offers many advantages, but children should be supervised when they are using it, and parents should teach them how to use it properly.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Computers in the Workplace

In the last few years computers have become a part of almost everybody’s lives – especially in the workplace. Computers can bring great benefits to the workplace, but what we mustn’t forget is that they can create problems too.

Using computers in the workplace offers many advantages. Firstly, they can do certain tasks mush faster than people. This means that they can do the time-consuming tasks while workers concentrate on other tasks. Also, they don’t make mistakes. Therefore, they can be used to help workers such as air-traffic controllers or surgeons whose work can be dangerous or very demanding. Finally, computers don’t need to be paid for the work they do. As a result, employers can reduce their worker’s workload and increase their wages.

On the other hand, using computers in the workplace also has disadvantages. For example, in many industries, computers may replace people altogether. This could lead to high unemployment. What is more, computers do not have personalities or feelings. This means that they can’t judge people’s characters or help people with emotional problems.

In conclusion, I believe that using computers in the workplace has both positive and negative points. With a little time and patience, we can solve the problems that they may cause. In this way, computers can be used to make both employers’ and employees’ jobs happier, easier and safer.

The Pros and Cons of Making Friends Through The Internet

In this 21st century, the Internet is widely used among all no matter the young or old. Many use the Internet as a valuable resource and more and more people are starting to access the Internet. Making friends through the Internet is booming as never before especially for the younger generations. In fact, nowadays people rarely look for pen pals anymore. Writing letters has turned into email while phone conversation has changed into online chatting.

Nevertheless, making friends through the Internet has its pros and cons too. Now making friends may no longer be a problem. The Internet affords to communicate not only with people who are close by but also with those who might be thousands of miles away. We can make friends of different races and cultures and this can expose us to a new language, culture and beliefs. (to be continued)

10. Travelling

People like to travel. Travelling is necessary to us all. It keeps us from growing stale and old; it stimulates our imagination, it gives us that movement and change which are necessary to our well-being. Some people travel in search of beauty, others to satisfy their curiosity, and many people consider travelling to be a very good form of rest. Every trip always involves thinking about so many things. We have to choose the most convenient means of transport, get information about the place we are going to. We are to make sure our trip is interesting and pleasant.
There are different means of travel. For example, we can travel by air, by rail, by sea, by road or on foot. Of course, travelling by air is the fastest and the most convenient way but it is the most expensive, too. Nothing can match airplanes for speed and comfort. There is none of the dust and dirt of a railway or car journey, none of the trouble of changing train to steamer and then to another train. There is no need to trouble about your suitcase. Being on board the plane you can read newspapers to kill the time. You are also served some drinks and food. Besides, flying is a thrilling thing. But it has some disadvantages. Your flight can be delayed because of the cloudy or foggy weather. It’s not always easy to get to the airport and buy tickets. Flying is too expensive and a plane is not a very safe means of transport. You can take too great risk not only to fall down and to get airsick. There is another inconvenience you have to be prepared for when travelling long distance by plane. It’s a difference between the time you are accustomed to and the new time. It will also take you some time to get used to the new climate and surroundings. And it’s not very interesting, because you can’t see anything but clouds while travelling.

            For instance, travelling by train is slower than by plane but it has it advantages. You can see more interesting places of the country you are travelling through. Modern trains have very comfortable seats. With a train you have speed, comfort and pleasure combined. From the comfortable corner seat of a railway carriage you have a splendid view of the whole countryside. If you are hungry, you can have a meal in the dining-car; and if the journey is a long one you can have a wonderful bed in a sleeper. Besides, trains can afford great comfort especially for elderly people. And there is nothing more interesting than a big railway station. There is the movement, the excitement, the gaiety of people going away or waiting to meet friends. There are the shouts of the porters as they pull luggage along the platforms to the waiting trains, the crowd at the booking-office getting tickets, the hungry and thirsty ones hurrying to the refreshment rooms before the train starts. Nothing can really match trains for comfort and excitement.
            Travelling by sea is popular mostly for pleasure trips. On board large ships and small river boats people can visit foreign countries and different places of interest within their own country. Some people love to feel the deck of the boat under their feet, to see the rise and fall of the waves, to feel the fresh sea wind blowing in their faces and hear the cry of the sea-gulls. And it’s great excitement for people to come into the harbour and see round them all the ships, steamers, cargo-ships, sailing ships and rowing boats. But some people don’t like travelling by sea because they are always sea-sick, especially when the sea is a little bit rough.
            Many people prefer travelling by car. It is wonderful, when you can stop wherever you wish and spend at any place as much time as you like.
            Nowadays travelling on foot has become very widespread. You can leave the dull broad highway and go along little winding lanes where cars can’t go. You take mountain paths through the heather, wander by the side of quiet lakes and through the shade of woods. You see the real country, the wild flowers, the young birds in their nests, the deer in the forest and feel the quietness and calm of nature. You can not only admire the nature but gain experience and knowledge during your walking hours. This form of travelling attracts a great number of young people and helps them to become strong and healthy both in mind and in character. But it depends on the weather, of course. And besides, you are saving your railway fare travelling on foot. No one can deny that walking is the cheapest method of travelling.
In fact, no matter which way of holiday-making or travelling you choose, it’ll give you great pleasure. Adventure is necessary for us all. But as they say “East or West home is best”, there is for the traveller the great joy of returning home. When his curiosity for new scenes is satisfied he turns his thoughts towards home where all the things are most familiar and he loves them. So the traveller, besides the delight of his trip, has the warmest feeling of coming home. And indeed, he comes back home full of gaily impressions after his trip and with a strong desire to go on a voyage again.

11. Living in a city

Some people enjoy living in the country but others prefer big city life.

Big cities, towns, villages – there are different places where to live on the Earth. Busy, noisy life in the city and quiet life in the village is two different ways of life, which can be chosen by people.

Living in a big city has many advantages.

Houses in the city are generally provided with modern conveniences such as electricity, running water, telephones and all sorts of labour-saving devices. There are a lot of multi-storey buildings.

There are plenty of means of communication: buses, taxi-cabs, metro, etc

Big cities offer a wide range of entertainment: playgrounds and sports fields, public gardens, museums, movie-theaters, concerts…

There are many places in the city where you can get a bite or a drink: restaurants, coffee-houses, tea-rooms, bars and refreshment rooms, etc

A big city has everything you want. There are a lot of trade centres which you can visit to buy the essential things for life such as: clothes, furniture and food which have high standards and good for health.

Owing to sport palaces, swimming pools, tennis courts, people in the big city have plenty of sporting facilities.

Schools, gymnasiums, universities provide various educational facilities. A man can get the best education in a big city. In our time, the man, who lives in the big city, has many possibilities to realize himself in different spheres of life. In the city he can acquire good opportunities for making a successful career.
People in the big city have more chances to find a job.

In a city you don’t have a problem with communication and with the system of public transport, which is well developed.

There are a lot of hospitals and chemist’s shops in cities. That’s why there is no problem with some drugs or necessary medicine.

And the last, if you live in a city you can go with the time, know all novelty of fashion, all politics news, all discoveries in science.

All cities have their own important disadvantages. Their rhythm of life is so quick, their life is so busy, that every day, particularly in the rush hour, the streets get so packed with traffic that the travel is very slow, or even comes to a standstill. A great number of cars and other traffic make traffic jams in the central streets; it is a problem to find parking meters. But in my opinion the main problem in the big cities is a terrible ecological situation, gas, noises pollution. Also in the overcrowded streets accidents often happen and in big cities there is a high criminal rate. The criminal situation in big cities usually leaves much to be desired. The big city looks like a human zoo, where people are far from nature; they live in the similar houses in little flats, which look like cages.

The way of life in the small towns and villages is opposite to the life in a big city. There are not so many cultural, leisure, educational and sporting facilities. The rhythm of life is slow and life is quiet. In villages and small towns all houses are different. There are gardens in front of them. People are close to each other. They communicate very often.

The ecology in small towns is better. In the country, we can live in the midst of nature. The air is fresh and cool, which is good for a healthy living. A country life is full of charms. The rippling rivers, the grazing cows and the chirping birds give us great pleasures in life. Country life is cheaper than town life. I think it is healthier and more peaceful to live in the countryside than in a city.

The way of life influences people. People in a big city can have a sense of superiority over people who live in the suburbs and villages.

It is hard to decide where to live, because both ways of life have some advantages and disadvantages.

12. My Favourite Book

It's hard to imagine our lives without books. We learn a lot of interesting things when we read books. Books are our great friend, teachers and advisers. They teach us how to take the next step when we are in a difficult situation. They help to shape our life. It is impossible to become an educated person without books. Besides, books play an important role in upbringing our feelings, views and tastes; give us a lot of useful information. Frankly speaking I'm not a bookworm but when I have spare time I read books with great pleasure. It seems to me that books are a source of emotional inspiration and romantic feelings, it's a miracle in some way, because an author provides a story and a reader can conjure the characters in his own way, to imagine how they look like, their voices, gestures and facial expressions, etc.
I like to read books about adventures, great people and famous travellers, stories about animals and birds, fairy-tales and fables. When you read books you find yourselves in different lands. Together with the characters of the books you climb high mountains, go by ship in the stormy sea, and fly into space. In a ward, you have a lot of adventures.
I have read a lot of interesting books, but my favourite book is "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" by Mark Twain. This well-known book is popular with the children all over the world. The main character of the book is Tom Sawyer, who lived in a small town on the Mississippi River. He was a boy with a wild imagination. He liked to play games with his friends. They often dreamed of different adventures. Tom was sometimes naughty and never quite. But his friends liked him because he was kind and brave. Besides, he was often noble and always bright and full of ideas
Tom teaches us to be noble, kind and brave. He also teaches us to be a true friend. I have learnt a lot about the life of children in America from this book. It's a book that leaves long-lasting impression.

My Favourite English Writer

It's said that none of the British writers of our age enjoyed such popularity all over the world as Agatha Christie did. Her works were translated into many languages, and scores of films were made using them as the script.

The name of Agatha Christie is a synonym for high-class detective story, as well as Pele is a symbol of football, and Marilyn Monroe is an embodiment of femininity. According to Agatha Christie herself, she began to write just to imitate her sister whose stories had already been published in magazines.

And suddenly Agatha Christie became famous as if by miracle. Having lost her father at an early age, the prospective writer didn't receive even fairly good education. During the First World War she was a nurse, then she studied pharmacology. Twenty years later she worked in a military hospital at the beginning of the Second World War.

The favourite personages of the "queen of detective story" are the detective Hercules Poirot and the sedate Miss Marple who carry out investigations in noisy London and delusive quiet countryside. The composition of her stories is very simple: a comparatively closed space with a limited number of characters, who are often plane or train passengers, tourists, hotel guests or residents of a cosy old village.

Everyone is suspected! Murders in the books of Agatha Christie are committed in most unsuitable places: in the vicar's garden or in an old abbey; corpses are found in someone's libraries being murdered with the help of tropical fishes, a poker, candelabra, a dagger or poison. Once Agatha Christie wrote: "Some ten years will pass after my death, and nobody will even remember me...". The writer was mistaken.

Agatha Christie's novels are very popular now. People of all continents read and reread "The Oriental Express", "Ten Little Negroes", "The Bertram Hotel", "The Corpse in the library" and other of her novels time and again, enjoy films made by her works, and one can hardly find a country where people do not know her name.

My Favorite Book

My favorite book is "Robinson Crusoe" by Daniel Defoe. D. Defoe (1660—1731) was a great master of realistic detail. The novel "Robinson Crusoe" was written in 1719. The novel is praise to human labor and the triumph of man over nature. Defoe shows the development of his hero. At the beginning of the story we see an inexperienced youth, a rather frivolous boy, who then becomes a strong-willed man.
Robinson Crusoe's most characteristic trait is his optimism. His guiding principle in life becomes "never say die" and "in trouble to be troubled is to have your troubles doubled". He had confidence in himself and in man. He believed it was within the power of man to overcome all difficulties. Crusoe was an enthusiastic worker and always hoped for the best.
Defoe is a writer of the Enlightenment. He teaches people how to live, he tries to teach what's good and what's bad. His novel "Robinson Crusoe" is not only a work of fiction, an account of adventures, a biography and an educational pamphlet. It is a study of man, a great work showing man in relation to nature and civilization as well as in relation to labor and private property.

13. Healthy Food

Breakfast is the first meal of the day. Nutritionists recommend that we eat a healthy breakfast to give us energy throughout the day. Oatmeal, cereal, wheat toast, ham, and fresh fruit are healthy breakfast foods. Eggs are popular, but they are high in cholesterol, so we should only eat 3-4 eggs a week. Skipping breakfast is a bad habit, and it makes people feel tired.

There are many kinds of foods: fruits, vegetables, meats, grains, beans, nuts, sweets, dairy products, and seasonings. Some foods are eaten raw, some are cooked, and some can be eaten either raw or cooked. Carrots, for example, can be eaten raw or they can be cooked in boiling water. Foods come in different colors and textures, and each food has a different flavor. People like some foods, but not others. It is important to eat a variety of foods, and to not eat too much. When people eat too much food they become fat. When they eat too little, they become skinny.

Fruits are good for your health. They grow on trees, bushes, vines, and plants. People should eat three or more servings of fruits each day. Fruits have vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Fruits are sold in grocery stores, farmers' markets, and at roadside stands.

Vegetables are good for your health. People should eat three or more servings of vegetables each day. Vegetables help people maintain a healthy weight because they are low in calories. They also have many vitamins and minerals.

Eating healthy food and exercising regularly improves your health. Eating fresh fruits and vegetables can reduce your chance of getting cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Low-fat meats, beans, and nuts are also part of a good nutrition plan. The United States Department of Agriculture has published a new food pyramid that includes tips and facts about how to eat healthy to improve your health and live longer.

Healthy Life

Rest and relaxation are just as important to our body as exercise and healthy eating. If you don’t get enough of them you can make yourself ill. Your body is a bit like a battery. If it is not allowed to recharge itself through sleep and relaxation it may stop working properly. Lack of sleep affects our ability to concentrate. When you dream, your brain may be clearing itself out and preparing itself for the next day's thinking.

During your teens, you need at least eight hours' sleep a night. If you stay out late, try to go to bed early the next night. The effects of lack of sleep can build up over several days. When you are awake you make many demands on your mind and body.

Your body needs a period of rest to repair itself and prevent it from getting worn out. During sleep, substances called hormones stimulate body tissues to grow and repair themselves. If you have troubles getting to sleep, try reading a book to calm your mind or take some exercise and avoid tea, coffee or food before bedtime. A hot, milky drink may help you relax.

14. My favorite holiday (Christmas)

My favourite holiday is Christmas as it is the most cheerful festival and is of religious origin. It’s the day when Christians celebrate the birth of Christ. The Orthodox Church celebrates Christmas on 7 January according to the Julian calendar. In the middle of the 4th century it was established by the Roman Catholic Church as a separate feast. Now the Catholic Church celebrates Christmas on 25 December according to the Gregorian calendar.

The Christmas Eve is considered as the most interesting part of Christmas as it has ritual and magic acts aimed at ensuring a good harvest and a life of plenty. Carolling is a characteristic feature of the feast, it expresses respect for the master of the house and his children, and sometimes it’s accompanied by a puppet theatre (vertep). The religious festival lasts three days and involves Christmas liturgies, carolling, visiting and entertaining relatives and acquaintances.

In Ukraine its main feature is Holy Supper consisting of 12 dishes, when the family gathers around the dining table. The first dish is "kutya”. The beginning of the holy supper is signaled by the first star. There is also a custom for the Ukrainian children to go from house to house at Christmas to proclaim "Christ is born” and to sing Christmas carols. They expect some money or candies in return for their musical efforts. Everybody likes Christmas, but a folk proverb says: "Christmas comes but once a year”.

Holidays in Ukraine

First it is the New Year. It is my favourite holiday. It is merry to decorate the New Year Tree, to dance near it and to receive presents.

Then in a week there is Christmas. In Ukraine it is an old and popular holiday. In the morning boys go from house to house, from flat to flat, sing traditional holiday songs and wish everything good to the people they visit. The people give them sweets, cakes and money.

The 8th of March is the Women's Day. We give presents to our mothers, grandmothers, teachers, sisters and girl-friends and wish everything good to them.

On the 1st of May we celebrate May Day. On the 9th of May we have Victory Day. It is a great holiday. We say, "Thank you very much" to old people who took part in the Great Patriotic War and defended our Motherland against the fascists.

In spring we have one more traditional holiday. It is Easter. Usually people bake cakes and paint and colour eggs for the holiday.

On the 24th of August we celebrate Independence Day.

The 1st of September is a holiday for everybody who studies.

Each holiday is interesting in its way but all of them are good and merry.

My favorite holiday

There are some dates which are holidays in this country. The first holiday of the year begins with the New Year Day on the first of January. On the eve of the New Year Day, that is at night of the thirty first of December, we are usually at home with our family or with our friends. Our New Year tree is decorated with toys. At 12 o'clock we wish each other "Happy New Year!" We give presents to our friends and to all the family. Children like this holiday very much, because their winter holidays begin with the New Year day and last two weeks. They have a lot of fun then. They dance and sing round a New Year tree with Father Frost and Snow Maiden. During the winter holidays children do not study, they can play hockey, skate, ski and others. The next holiday which is celebrated in Ukraine is Christmas. It takes places on the 7th of January. This religious holiday began to be marked only some years ago. We do not study on this day now. On the eight of March we celebrated one more holiday. It is International Women's Day. On this day we present our dear women with flowers. This day is also a day off. Victory Day, the anniversary of the victory over fascist Germany, comes on the ninth of May. My most favorite holiday is the New Year Day and Christmas.

My favorite holiday (Christmas)

Christmas

Christmas is a wonderful holiday, it’s a feast of Christ’s birth and it’s celebrated on the eve of 7th of January. In the mid-4th century it was established by the Roman Catholic church as a separate feast and was celebrated on 25 December according to the Julian calendar. In the 10th century with the introduction of the Christianity into Rus it was fused with the local pagan celebrations of the sun’s return or the commencement of the agricultural year. In some areas was used the pre-Christian name of the feast — Koliada. The Christmas Eve is considered as the most interesting part of Christmas as it has ritual and magic acts aimed at ensuring a good harvest and a life of plenty. Carolling is a characteristic feature of the feast, it expresses respect for the master of the house and his children, and sometimes it’s accompanied by a puppet theatre (vertep). The religious festival lasts three days and involves Christmas liturgies, carolling, visiting and entertaining relatives and acquaintances. The Christmas tree was adopted from Western Europe, but today it’s the element of the New Year celebration in Ukraine.

The «holy supper» on Christmas Eve is a meal of 12 ritual meatless and milkless dishes. The order of the dishes and dishes themselves aren’t uniform everywhere. In the Hutsul region, for example, the dishes were served in the following order: beans, fish, boiled potato, dumplings, cabbage rolls, kutya, potatoes mashed with garlic, stewed fruit, plums with beans and some other dishes.

Christmas is the holiday when all members of the family gather together. This is the holiday of joy. Comparatively with Great Britain and some other countries Ukrainian people don’t exchange presents on this holiday. For many years only religious people observed this holiday, but today it’s an official state holiday. Children like to have fun on this holiday, they go from door to door, sing carols and people give sweets to them. As it was already mentioned, «Kutya» is a traditional Ukrainian Christmas dish. It’s cooked by mothers and godchildren take it to their godparents. Although this holiday appeared long ago but nowadays many people still like to go church and listen to Christmas sermons.

15. Ukraine

Ukraine is one of the largest countries of Eastern Europe. Ukraine occupies an area of 603700 km2.

Its territory stretches for 893 kilo-metres from north to south and for 1316 kilometres from east to west.

It has state borders with Russia, Belarus and Moldova. It also borders on Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania.

In the south it is washed by the Black and the Azov Seas.

The major part of Ukraine is flat and only 5% of it is mountainous.

The two mountainous areas in Ukraine are the Carpathians and the Crimean Mountains.

The geographical position of Ukraine is very favourable because the country lies on the crossroads of the ways from Asia to Europe.

Ukraine has deposits of iron, manganese, coal, natural gas, oil and other mineral resources.

The main branches of industry are: coal and ore mining, iron and steel engineering, machine and ship building.
Besides, Ukraine has always been an agrarian country.

Traditionally crop-growing and cattle-breeding are being developed.

Geographical Position of Ukraine

Ukraine is situated in the south-east of Europe.

It borders on Russia, Belarus, Moldova, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland and Romania.
The territory of Ukraine is 603700 km2.

The territory of Ukraine is mostly flat.

There are the Carpathian Mountains in the west and the Crimean Mountains in the south, but they are not high.

The main rivers are the Dnieper, the Dniester, the Buh, the Donets and others.

The Dnieper is one of the longest European rivers and one of the main sources of hydroelectric power In the country.

The coasts of the Azov Sea and the Black Sea are good for ports.

We have quite a lot of big sea ports, for example, Odesa, Kherson, Mykolaiv, Izmail, Mariupol and Kerch.

The geographical position of Ukraine is very favourable because the country lies on the crossroads of the ways from Asia to Europe.

Since the times of Kyivan Rus Ukrainian roads have been used for trade contacts.

Due to favourable climatic conditions, Ukraine is traditionally an agricultural country.

Wheat, maize and other corns, vegetables, all kinds of fruit are grown here.
The country is rich in natural resources, such as iron ore, coal, non-ferrous metals, oil, gas.

It has developed a varied industry concentrated mostly in and around big cities, such as Kyiv, Zaporizhia, Dnipropetrovsk, Odesa, Kharkiv, Lviv Mykolaiv and others.

Ukraine produces planes and ships, lorries and buses, electronic equipment and agricultural machines, TV and radio-sets and other goods.

Animals and Plants In Ukraine

Ukraine has mostly coniferous and deciduous trees, such as pine, oak, fir, beech and birch.

The wealth of the forest Includes not only timber, but also berries, mushrooms and medical herbs.

The animal world of Ukraine is different. It has hundreds of species of animals and birds.

They are: wolf, fox, badger, deer, elk, hamster, field mouse and so on.

The birds are: the sparrow, titmouse, grouse, owl.

Some fur animals, such as mink, silver-black-fox, musk-rat, brought into Ukraine, have acclimatized well.

In the rivers and lakes there are perch, bream, pike and carp.

The Forest-Steppe zone contains the oak, elm, black poplar, willow, ash and pine.

The animals include squirrels, foxes, hares and roes.

The rivers and lakes are home to ducks, geese, storks and cranes.

It also should be said that the animal life of the Carpathians is unique.

Here you can find deer, brown bears, wild cats and pigs, black squirrels.
Bird life includes golden eagles and black woodpeckers.

The plants of this region are also different and beautiful.

It is well worth visiting, especially in spring.

Kyiv-the Capital of Ukraine

According to the chronicles Kyiv's first citadel was built in the period from the sixth to eighth centuries.

Kyiv bears the name of prince Kyi, who lived on the old Kyiv Hill in the sixth century.

Under the rule of Yaroslav the Wise Kyivan Rus with Kyiv as its capital reached the height of its power. Nowadays Kyiv is a large political, industrial, scientific and cultural centre.

Its population is about 3000000. The city lies on both banks of the Dnieper.

Kyiv is a garden city; only a seventh part of its territory is occupied by buildings.

Kyiv has a well-developed industry. Its factories and plants produce sea and river transport vessels, air liners, computers, motorcycles, consumer goods.

Kyiv is also one of the largest scientific centres.

The Ukrainian Academy of Sciences and many research institutes are famous for their discoveries.

More than 10000 students study at Kyiv Shevchenko National University.

There are over 20 higher educational establishments in Kyiv.

Kyiv is also the centre of political life in Ukraine. All major political events take place here.

Kyiv is the largest ancient centre of national Ukrainian culture. There are 20 museums, 1300 libraries, 41 theatres, 121 parks.

Kyiv is growing and is being built, it also becomes younger and more beautiful.

Ukrainian Traditions and Religious Festivals

The Ukrainians, like any other people, have their own customs and traditions: many of these are very old, some appear nowadays.

Most of the customs are connected with the religious festivals or with Ukrainian dwelling.

The most popular of the holidays is the New Year Day; it is celebrated on the 1st of January.

On the eve of the holiday children and their parents decorate a New Year's Tree with shining balls and other Christmas ornaments. The mothers of the families prepare holiday dinners.

On that day people exchange presents with their relatives and friends: they often go to see them or invite them to their place to see in the New Year together.

They lay festive tables and at 12 o'clock raise their glasses with champagne and say to each other "Happy New Year".

But the Orthodox Church in Ukraine celebrates New Year on the 14th of January to the old-style Calendar. In the evening on the 13th of January children go from house to house and sing Christmas carols: they wish all the best to the people who live in these houses.

Of course, the carol-singers are given some reward - sweets, cakes or a little money.

The Orthodox Ukrainian people celebrate Christmas on January, 6: the evening before Christmas is called the Holy Evening. On the Holy Evening all the family get together to have the Christmas Supper. According to the religious tradition, it is necessary to prepare 12 different dishes because of 12 apostles; no one at the table can eat till the first star appears in the sky. But, unlike in the English-speaking countries, in Ukraine people do not exchange presents on that day.

On the Christmas Evening the religious people go to church; some of them spend the whole night there — they pray and listen to Christmas religious songs which glorify Christ's birthday.

Another religious festival in winter is Twelfth-day or the Jordanian Holiday which is celebrated on memory of Jesus Christ's christening (on the 19th of January).

On the eve of this holiday at their supper people sing songs which are called "the generous songs" — that is why this evening is called "the generous evening", too.

In the morning of the Jordanian Holiday the festival procession goes from a church to a river or to a pond where christening of water takes place. After that the priest consecrates the peoples' homes and things.

Easter is another great religious festival: usually it is celebrated on one of Sundays in spring.

On that day the religious people go to church and listen to the service. Usually they bring with them baskets with food Easter cakes, butter, cheese and, of course, painted eggs.

The priest in the church consecrates all the food: many people believe that the Easter eggs possess magic power and can protect from evil, thunder or fire and have healing powers.

In the morning after the end of the service, the people greet each other with the words: "Christ has resurrected!" and return home for breakfast.

They celebrate Easter as the beginning of spring, too.

There are many other interesting customs and traditions in Ukraine, too.

Easter in Ukraine

Easter Is the most important holiday of the year.

Easter egg is called pysanka.

Pysanka shells have been found in archaeological sites from more than 3000 years ago, and many of those designs are still being used on pysanka today.

Preparation for Easter starts seven weeks ahead of time with the advent of Lent.

Believers don't eat meat and animal products.

Palm Sunday, the week before Easter, is known in Ukraine as Willow Sunday.

People bring home willow branches which have been blessed in church.

The week is dedicated to preparing for Easter.

The Thursday before Easter is called Clean Thursday.

According to Ukrainian tradition one should bathe before sunrise on this day.

The house must be clean too.

Good Friday is the day that the women of the family bake "paska", Ukrainian Easter bread.

On Saturday children dye Easter eggs to add to the Easter basket which will be blessed in church.

It also includes pysanka, salt, paska, sausage and ham.

In the evening people go to church for the Easter mass, which lasts all night.

Easter Sunday is a day of singing songs and eating.

Young girls dance and sing about nature and spring.

People exchange pysanky.

Places of Interest in Kyiv

Ukraine has a long history and rich culture.

That is why there are many places of interest there.

It is natural that the capital of the country, Kyiv, has the greatest number of them.

It is one of the oldest cities in Europe.

From time immemorial Kyiv has been the centre of Slavonic culture.

There are many ancient cathedrals and churches, museums and monuments, beautiful streets and squares in it.

The main street of Kyiv is certainly Khreshchatyk.

If you have never been to Kyiv you should start your sightseeing there.

The street is only one kilometre long but very impressive.

Kyiv is famous for its Kyivo-Pecherska Lavra.

More than 80 buildings were constructed on its territory during 900 years of the monastery's existence.

Tourists always go to have a look at the monument to Bohdan Khmelnytsky, the outstanding Ukrainian statesman and military leader.

There are many other places of interest in Kyiv.

One of them is the State Historical Museum of Ukraine.

There are more than 50000 exhibits on display.

The exposition tells us about the history of Ukraine and its culture from antiquity to the present days.

The Golden Gates, the Andreyevskaya Church, the monuments to Prince Volodymyr and Taras Shevchenko are worth seeing.

Kyiv Shevchenko Opera and Ballet House, Kyiv Ivan Franko Drama Theatre are well-known all over the country.

Any place is interesting in its own-way and visiting it we come to know and love this country more.

Climate of Ukraine

The climate of Ukraine is determined by its geographical location. Ukraine's territory lies in the temperate belt. In general the country's climate is climate is temperately continental, being subtropical only on the southern coast of the Crimea. The differences in climate are caused by many factors: the latitude, relief, altitude and proximity to seas and oceans. A characteristic feature of the climate is an increase in its continental nature from west to east.

A feature of Ukraine's climate is the considerable fluctuation in weather conditions from year to year. Alongside very wet years there can be droughts, whose effect increases to the south and east. There are frequent oscillations in weather in the regions of the Crimean and Carpathian Mountains.

On the southern coast of the Crimea the climate is subtropical Mediterranean, inasmuch as the Crimean Mountains obstruct the movement of cold Arctic air to the coast. These climatic features have contributed to the creation of the one of the best resort areas in Ukraine.

Winter is rather cold in Ukraine. There is much snow in the northern and western parts of the country. Average temperature of January is 7-8 degrees below zero.

It often rains in the Carpathian Mountains. In the south and east the weather is dry especially in summer.

The average yearly temperature in Ukraine varies between +5.5...+7 C in the north and +11...+13C in the south.

In Zaporozhye region the climate is close to continental. We have hot summers and cool winters without heavy snowfalls and frosts. In spring and autumn the climate is moderate.

They say the climate in Ukraine like anywere else is getting milder with every coming year. It depends on many reasons.

State System of Ukraine

The government of Ukraine underwent rapid change in the early 1990s.

The independence of Ukraine was proclaimed on the 24th of August, 1991.

Its sovereignty is now recognized by all the countries of the world.

Ukraine has its own state symbols Constitution, currency and government.

According to the Constitution of Ukraine its territory is one and indivisible.

There is the Crimean Autonomous Republic in Ukraine, 24 administrative districts and the cities of Kyiv and Sevastopol.

Only the laws of Ukraine act on its territory.

The power in the country is divided into legislative, executive and judiciary.

The main legislative body of Ukraine is the Verkhovna Rada, which consists of 450 deputies.

The elections to the Verkhovna Rada are held every 4 years on the last week of March.

The deputies are elected by equal, secret or direct ballot.

The head of the state is' the president.

He can veto any decision of the Verkhovna Rada.

The president is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of Ukraine.

He also represents the state in the international relations.

The highest executive body is the Cabinet of Ministers, which is headed by the Prime Minister.

The Cabinet of Ministers coordinates the daily administration of the government and may introduce bills to the Verkhovna Rada.

The judiciary power belongs to the Supreme Court and regional courts.

The state symbols of Ukraine are the national flag and emblem.

They root deeply in ancient times and have symbolic meaning.

Azure-yellow state flag symbolizes the unity of blue sky and yellow wheat field.

BOOKS IN OUR LIFE. AT THE LIBRARY

There is no doubt that books have played a major role in shaping the cultural life of any society, They broaden our outlook, develop our artistic and literary taste, give us a lot of useful information, arouse human curiosity and influence our behaviour. For this reason I consider books to be part and parcel of modem civilization, the source of knowledge and a great vehicle of progress. I don't think we could get along without them. In my opinion the books are not only a means of relaxation but education as well. They make up a significant and necessary part in our life. As Somerset Maugfiam said, "Reading doesn't make a man wise, it only makes him learned". While reading the book we focus our attention on the plot and style, express the feelings of sympathy or hatred for the characters of the book, think about their problems.

It goes without saying that when we begin studying at school we should read much to enrich our knowledge and inner world, and to learn more about the world around us. So, to get the books we need we have to subscribe to a library. There are many different libraries in our city but I'm a subscriber to our school one and usually take out new books there. It is on the first floor of our school building. The library itself isn’t very spacious but the choice of books is really great. You can see numerous volumes on the shelves and in the bookcases. Some students come here to read books for instruction, some for pleasure. There are books of various kinds. Here you can find philosophical works and critical studies, biographies and memoirs, narratives and non-fiction, satire and humorous stories, popular-scientific and technical literature, adventure and historical novels, travel books, detectives and spy thrillers, science fiction and fairy tales, plays and fables, ballads and verses, poems and other poetry There are books on art, politics, science, nature, sports and many other fields of knowledge. There is a great number of books by famous Ukrainian, Russian, English, American and other foreign writers, poets and playwrights. You can even find some of them in the original Our library is rich both in classical literature and works by contemporary authors. All kinds of books are in great demand and popular with the readers.

The librarian can always recommend us something interesting, advise on what to read, and acquaint us with new books and their authors. I think, we may rely on her choice.

About every fortnight you come here to exchange books. When you've chosen the book you'd like to take, the librarian writes down its title into your reader's card. You may borrow 2-3 books at a time and keep them for a fortnight. We can also work in the reading-room, look through daily newspapers and illustiated magazines, consult the dictionaries, encyclopaedias, atlases and reference books. A lot of important periodicals ( the dailies, weeklies and monthlies) lie in piles on the tables of the reading-room.

As for me, I can't get along without reading books / I am not much of a reader but … I'm interested in books with amusing, exciting and complicated plot. That's why I am keen on historical and adventure novels and read them from cover to cover. I should say, they always draw my attention and make a deep impression on me. Sometimes I look for the books of popular-scientific literature, especially when L need to make a report or write an essay. Such books contain a lot of necessary, useful and new information.

To cut the long story short, I think that books are one of the greatest inventions of the mankind.

COLLOCATIONS

1. part and parcel - невід’ємна частина

2. society – суспільство

3. to broaden one’s outlook – розширяти кругозір

4. to develop an artistic and literary taste – розвивати художній та літературний смак

5. to arouse human curiosity – пробуджувати допитливість

6. vehicle – засіб розповсюджування

7. get along - жити; обходитись; протриматись

8. make up - бути частиною, складати

9. learned ['lɜːnɪd] – гарно інформований, ерудований

10. it goes without saying - само собой разумеется

11. to enrich – збагачувати

12. narrative - рассказ; повесть

13. be popular with – бути популярним серед

14. nonfiction - документальная, небеллетристическая литература

15. verse - поэзия, стихи

16. fable - басня

17. to be in demand — пользоваться спросом

to be keen on smth — захоплюватись чимось

CHERNIHIV

Chernihiv is my native city. I am proud of living in this beautiful and one of the most ancient cities of Ukraine. It is situated on the picturesque banks of the river Desna.

Chernihiv is an economic, administrative and cultural centre of Chernihiv region. It is an old quiet green and beautiful city. Chernihiv is often referred to as the city of golden domes.

Chernihiv is neither large nor small. Its population is about 300000 inhabitants.

Chernihiv is an ancient city. It is more than 1300 years old.

The first written mention of Chenihiv dates back to the year 907 A.D. It can be found in the «Chronicle of Bygone Years». At that time Chernigov was the second largest city after Kiev in Kievan Rus in size and economic importance thanks to its advantageous geographical location.

The explanation of the name of the city can be found in some legends and ballads. One of them says that Chernihiv owes its name to the dark, dense forest which surrounded the place and its name originates from “chorny”. According to another version the town was named after its founder prince Chorny.

Chernigov is famous for its historical monuments. There are two main historical places in Chernihiv. They are: the Rampart and the Boldin Hill.

The former Rampart (Val) is the very place for tour in Chernihiv. In ancient times it was surrounded by high walls with many towers and gates. In July 1706 a few years before the battle of Poltava Peter I visited Chernihiv, the southern outpost, and by the tsar's order large cannons were mounted on the Rampart. 12 of them are still there.

The Historical and Architectural Reserve is situated on the Rampart and neighbouring area. It includes 22 outstanding monuments dating back to 10th - 17^m centuries. The most famous of them are:

Rampart

- The Cathedral of the Transfiguration of Our Saviour (+ the Saviour Cathedral) 11^th cent.

- The Cathedral of SS Boris and Gleb 11^th cent.

- The Assumption Cathedral of the Eletsky Monastery 11^th cent.

- The St. Parasceve Pyatnitskaya Church 12^th cent

Boldin Hill

- the St. Eliyah, the Prophet Church 12^th cent

- The St. Antony's Caves 12^th cent

The Chernihiv Historical and Architectural Reserve includes later architectural monuments as well, such as: Boldin Hill - The Trinity Cathedral The St. Catherine Cathedral

Rampart

- The Collegium (an educational establishment of the 17^m century)

- The Archibishop's residence (this building houses now city's archives)

- The House of Colonel Lizagub

Boldin Hill is well known for its mounds and architectural monuments. From this site you can get a beautiful view of the city. On the Boldin Hill there is “The Grave of Unknown Soldier” Memorial. An eternal flame always burns on the grave, which commemorates the servicemen who liberated the city from fascists and perished in the battles.

There are a lot of other sights in the city, such as Alley of Heroes, Red Square, monument to T.Shevchenko, to A.Pushkin, to M.Kotsybinsky and others.

Today our city is one of the industrial centres of Ukraine. There are lots of industrial enterprises there. The largest of them are:

- Synthetic Fibre combine (which produces cord thread)

- Worsted Textile Combine (which produces wool and cloth)

- Automobile Spare Parts Plant

- Radio Engineering Plant

Chernihiv is also a large educational and cultural centre. It has three institutes of Higher Learning, three scientific - research institutes, 35 secondary schools, several special, technical and vocational school. There are two theatres and a number of cinemas, clubs, libraries, museums in it.

The centre of the city is Red Square. The main street (Mira avenue) divides the city into two districts, Desnyansky and Novozavodsky. The city is very green. It has two large parks and a number of squares. Chernigovites are proud of their city.

To visit Chernihiv - one of the most ancient and beautiful cities of Ukraine - is just the same as making an exciting journey back through time. This amazing city, which used to be the second capital of Kyivan Rus, is well known today outside the country for its many unique historic sights. One fourth of all Old Russian architecture in Ukraine is here! Such a luxurious cultural heritage provided the city with special atmosphere, for which thousands of tourists from all over the world.

the Assumption рел. Успение (Богородицы) (праздник; отмечается католической церковью 15 августа, православной - 28 августа)

prophet ['prɔfɪt] рел. пророк

CHRISTMAS IN UKRAINE AND GREAT BRITAIN

Christmas is one of the favourite holidays in Ukraine.

Ukrainian Christmas festivities begin on Christmas Eve and end on the Feast of the Epiphany. Christmas celebration begins on Christmas Eve on the 6^th of January. It's the day of Jesus Christ's birthday and it is widely celebrated all over the country. This day is called the Holy Evening.

The Christmas Eve Supper or Sviata Vecheria (Holy Supper) brings the family together to partake in special foods. With the appearance of the first star which is believed to be the Star of Bethlehem ['beθlɪəm], the family gathers to begin supper.

There are twelve courses in the Supper, because according to the Christian tradition each course is dedicated to one of Christ's Apostles[ə'pɔslz]. The courses are meatless because there is a period of fasting before Christmas. The first course is always kutia . It is made of cooked wheat, poppy seeds, raisins and walnuts. Kutia is served with uzvar, stewed fruit. People sing carols called koliadky. Then people go to church.

In the UK Christmas Eve is on the 24^th of December. Most families have a Christmas Tree (or maybe even two!) in their house for Christmas. The decorating of the tree is usually a family occasion, with everyone helping. Holly (остролист), Ivy ['aɪvɪ] (плющ) and Mistletoe [ʹmıst(ə)ltəʋ] (омела) are used to decorate homes or other buildings. Children believe that Father Christmas or Santa Claus leaves presents in stockings. These are normally hung up by the fire or by the children's beds on Christmas Eve. Family presents are opened either late morning or during the afternoon. The family gather together to open the presents found under the Christmas tree. The whole family sit down for Christmas dinner at mid-day. The main dish is roasted turkey with vegetables and sauces. The dessert is usually a rich, fruity Christmas pudding.

A traditional feature of Christmas afternoon is the Queen's Christmas Message. At three o'clock in the afternoon, the Queen gives her Christmas Message to the nation which is broadcast on radio and television.

In England the day after Christmas is called Boxing Day, named so because young boys used to go around on this day collecting money in clay boxes. The boxes were smashed open, when they were full. The Boxing Day is still celebrated in the UK. It is a bank holiday in England. If it happens to fall on a weekend, then a special Bank Holiday is declared on Monday.

“A country without trees is almost as hopeless.”

- what causes environmental problems

- what effect it has brought to people’s life

- how we can help the environment

The problem of protecting the nature is of primary importance today. Through their daily activities people pollute and contaminate land, water and air. If it continues the damage may become irreversible.

Top environmental issues include air and water pollution, erosion of soils, global warming, climate change, deforestation and animal extinction.

One of the major environmental problems is the destruction of the rainforests in South America. Rainforests are valuable habitats. Moreover, the rainforests clean the air by absorbing carbon dioxide and giving out oxygen. The trees are being cut down for paper or to make room for cattle farms. As a result, birds and animals lose their habitat and die. This destruction is also bringing aboub changes in the climate, air pollution, flooding, drought and famine.

Anolher big problem is water pollution. Factories are polluting our rivers and lakes with dangerous chemicals. Oil tankers are releasing thick, black oil into our oceans. Tons and tons of industrial and domestic waste are poured into our seas. As a result, sea life is threatened with extinction.

Air pollution is another important issue. The cars and factories in and around our cities are giving off dangerous fumes. In the past few years, more and more people have developed allergies and breathing problems.

Fortunately, it is not too late to solve these problems.

Firstly, to reduce air pollution, the government could ban cars from the city centre. This would make our streets cleaner, safer and quieter. The government should also force factory owners to put filters on their chimneys. By doing this, harmful gases won't be able to pollute the air.

Governments can pass laws to stop factories from wasting and polluting water. Governments could also stop water companies from wasting millions of litres of water because of leaking pipes. If factories recycled water and stopped pouring chemicals into our lakes and rivers, there would be a lot more clean water around.

We should stop cutting down trees so that animals won't lose their natural habitats. We should make wildlife parks to protect animals from extinction.

We should plant more trees so that we will have more oxygen.

We should clean up the litter in cities so that we won't catch diseases from it. We should find clean forms of energy to save the planet.

Governments should improve public transport so that people won't have to use cars to get around. People should get involved in recycling schemes so that there will be less rubbish to pollute the environment.

To stop pollution, I think we should encourage industries to use cleaner methods of production. We could also recycle more of our waste, so there would be less rubbish.

Geography of Great Britain

Status: Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. The Queen is formally at the head of the state. The official name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The capital of the country is London.

Location: The UK is situated on the British Isles. The UK is situated north-west of the European continent between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. To the British Isles belong about 5000 islands. The two largest of them are Great Britain and Ireland.

Boundaries & size: Great Britain, the largest island is separated from Europe in the south by the English Channel (34 km in width) and the Strait of Dover. In the east it is washed by the North Sea, in the west it is separated from Ireland by the Irish Sea and in the north it is washed by the Atlantic ocean.

Great Britain is 1000 km from the south coast to the extreme north of Scotland and just 500 km across in the widest part. The coast line of Great Britain is greatly indented, especially in the west and north-west where mountains come close to the coast. In the south and east coasts are sandy and gentle.

Area, population and composition of the country: The UK consists of 4 constituent parts: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and its total area is 244 sr. km.

The United Kingdom is made up of: England - The capital is London. Scotland - The capital is Edinburgh .Wales - The capital is Cardiff. Northern Ireland - The capital is Belfast.

England, Scotland and Wales together form Great Britain. Great Britain and Northern Ireland together form the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" (UK).

The population of the country is over 58 mln inhabitants. Nearly 84 per cent of the total population of the United Kingdom lives in England. At least people of 4 main nationalities live in UK: English, Scots, Welsh and Irish. The official language is English. Other languages are Scottish Gaelic, Irish Gaelic and Welsh.

The chief administrative units in England and Wales arte called “counties”, in Northern Ireland – “districts”, in Scotland – “regions”.

Landforms: Geographically the island of Great Britain is subdivided into two main regions Lowland Britain and Highland Britain, Imaginary separating line between the regions is from Bristol Channel in the West to the Wash Bay in the east. The mountainous parts in Scotland are two parts of the Highlands – the North-western Highlands and the Grampian Mountains which are separated by a narrow valley though which runs the Caledonian Canal and the Southern Uplands.

In England mountainous parts are the Pennines which run in the north-south direction through the centre and the Cumbrian mountains in the Lake District. The Southern Uplands and the Pennines make up the so called backbone of Great Britain.

In Wales Cambrian Mountains occupy most part of the country.

The highest peak of the British Isles is Ben Nevis in the Grampians which is 1343 m high. The highest peak of the Cambrians is Snowdon which is 1085 m high. The Pennines are not very high and covered with forests. The south-eastern part of England is Lowland interrupted in places by low chalk ridges.

Inland waters: Great Britain has many rivers, but they are not very long. Most of the rivers flow in the eastward direction since the west coast is mountainous,

The most important rivers are:

1. The Severn, flowing from the Cambrian Mountains in Wales into the Bristol Channel

2. The Thames, flowing across the plains of south-eastern England and emptying into the North Sea

3. The Tyne and the Trent, flowing from the eastern slopes of the Pennines to the North Sea

4. The Mersey, flowing down the western slopes of the Pennines and emptying into the Irish Sea at Liverpool

5. The Clyde in Scotland which flows west across the Southern Uplands and on which the port of Glasgow is situated.

Climate of Great Britain

British climate has three main features: it is mild, humid and changeable. Though the country is as far north as Canada’s Hudson Bay or Siberia yet its climate much milder because of the Gulf Stream, which brings warm water and air across the Atlantic from the Gulf of Mexico. As a result snow falls occasionally and does not remain for long, except in the Scottish mountains. Average temperatures in England and Wales vary from 4°C in January to 16 °C in July and August. In Scotland averages are one or two degrees cooler. The weather changes very often. You can never have the same kind of weather for a long time. In general such kind of climate is good for vegetation.

Different parts of Britain have different types of weather. Variations in the weather can be significant even within a relatively short geographical distance. There may be snow in Wales, but seldom in Chester. Temperature – the south is warmer than the north.

Temperatures in the north of England tend to be lower than in the south. The further south you go the warmer it gets.

Political System of Great Britain

Great Britain is a parliamentary Monarchy. Officially the head of the state is the king or queen. The power of the monarch is not absolute but constitutional. The monarch, be it king or queen, is the head of the executive body, an integral part of legislature, the Lead of the Judicial body, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the crown, the head of the Established Church of England and the head of British Commonwealth. Power in Great Britain is divided among three branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch and the judicial branch. The legislative branch is represented by Parliament, which consists of two chambers or houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords consists of 1000 peers, including the “ lords spiritual”(высшее духовенство), hereditary peers and life peers.

The members of the House of Commons are elected by a general election. The whole country is divided in 650 constituencies, every one of which chooses one delegate. So the House of Commons consists of 650 members. They are known as MPs or members of Parliament. The Chairman of the House of Commons is called the Speaker and the one of the House of Lords is called the Lord Chancellor. Parliament’s main function is to make laws.

The executive branch is headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the King (Queen). The Prime Minister is also a MP and usually the leader of the political party with a majority in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister appoints the ministers to compose the government. The most important ministers of the government (about 20) form the Cabinet. Members of the Cabinet make joint decisions or advice the Prime Minister. The main function of the executive branch of the government is to administer the laws ( to see to it that the laws are carried out, actually to rule the country).

The judicial branch interprets the laws. The highest judicial body is the Supreme Court of Judicature ['ʤu:dɪkəʧə], which consists of two divisions: the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeal.

There is no written Constitution in Great Britain, but a great number of separate laws, acts and agreements.

Some people can’t live without pets. What pet would you like to have and why?

- different kinds of pets

- how you take care of your pet

- pet therapy

Pets are a long tradition in the human race. There are different kinds of pets. Some of the most popular are dogs, cats, reptiles, fish, and birds.

Pets like dogs are trained to assist older people to take a walk, guard properties, guide blind people in the street. They are also trained to care for the children.

Cats may not be used in the same way but can become very intimate friends of an entire family. They can not protect your properties but are best when you need something to embrace.

Caring for a pet can make you happier and healthier. Pets can ease loneliness, reduce stress, promote social interaction, encourage exercise, and provide us with unconditional love and affection. Pet owners are less likely to suffer from depression than those without pets.

One of the reasons for these therapeutic effects is that most pets fulfill the basic human need to touch. Stroking, holding, cuddling, or otherwise touching a loving animal can rapidly calm and soothe us when we’re stressed.

While people who have pets tend to be happier, more independent, and feel more secure than those without pets, it’s important to select the type of pet that is best for you. If most of your time is spent at home, consider pets that would be happy to stay with you in that environment. You may enjoy playing with or cuddling a cat or a bunny; watching fish or reptiles; or talking or singing along with a bird.

If you’re more active and enjoy daily activities outside of your home, especially walking or running, a dog might be right for you.

So, to summarize, I can say that a dog is the only thing on earth that loves you more than you love yourself.
That is why it is believed that dogs are a man’s best friends.

Taking care of your pet is more then just feeding him/her with the cheapest dog/cat food you can find.

Most animals need to be fed once or twice a day. Sometimes baby animals need to be fed more.
Don't ever give your pet table scraps -- people food (especially chocolate!) can make most animals sick.

Dogs need plenty of exercise. Physical activity keeps them healthy, happy, and fit.
Cats, especially if they live indoors, also love some quality playtime with you.
It's a good idea to brush and comb your pets every day to get rid of loose or shedding hair.

What Makes a Close Friend!

For all of us, close personal friends are important. Good friends are above all reliable people who you can trust to keep a secret. If you have a problem to solve, or a confession to make, they will listen and give you helpful advice. Their generosity is such that they do not expect anything in return, but they know with certainty that you would do the same for them.

Close friends are unlikely ever to let you down or make you feel ridiculous when you tell them about your problems. On the contrary, they are a real source of strength when you feel weak and in need of support. They will tell you sincerely what they think, and help you find your way out. As a result, your friendship will grow even stronger.

Janet is my best friend; we go to school together. We have been friends for 5 years already, since she came to our school. Some people say that we look alike but I don't think so. Janet has blue eyes and fair hair, while my eyes are brown and I'm dark-haired. She has a lovely fresh complexion and a beautiful mouth with full lips, but she is short-sighted so she wears contact lenses. Janet is quite tall and has a beautiful slim figure. Actually we are the same height and build, maybe that is why our neighbours sometimes take me for Janet. Janet is very smart and looks really attractive when she dresses up to go out with her boyfriend.

Janet likes studying languages and is thinking of learning them at the university to be able to work later for a travel agency. She can already speak French and Spanish fluently and is learning modern Greek. Janet loves being with crowds of people and makes friends easily. She loves going to parties, and there she immediately becomes the centre of attention. Janet is good at games but never takes them seriously, so when we play tennis, I always win because she doesn't care if she wins or loses.

Janet is very witty and amusing and she always cheers me up when I am depressed because she has a wonderful sense of humour. I think her only fault is that she is restless and gets bored easily. She is an intelligent and hard-working person, but she doesn't get good marks at school because she doesn't study enough. I admire her because she is so bright and energetic, but I think it is a good thing that both her boyfriend and I are calm and tolerant, and when she is impatient with us we just laugh, and then she laughs, too.

STEP 1. Read the description of the author's friend who is also the favourite member of his family.

My cousin, Christopher, is the son of my father's brother. He's three years younger than me and we didn't know each other very well as children because he and his family lived on the other side of the country at that time. Since then he's married and moved closer so we meet quite often and I've got to know him much better.

There's nothing very remarkable about Chris's appearance. He's of average height and medium build, and he's got curly, mousy hair and a fair complexion. As he's quite short-sighted like me, he wears glasses. The clothes he likes are mostly casual: jeans or shorts and a tee-shirt. I don't think I've ever seen him in a suit!

He's a very active person who loves the outdoor life. He's extremely practical and he can build or repair almost anything, no matter how complicated it is. Another characteristic he has is that he's very outgoing. If you go to a show with him and members of the audience are invited onto the stage, Chris will be the first to volunteer. The thing I appreciate most about him, however, is his sense of humour. If I'm depressed, he can always cheer me up with a joke or a funny story.

They say you can choose your friends but not your relations. In Chris's case, I feel I'm very lucky because he's not only my cousin but also one of my best friends.

STEP 2. Read some recommendations how to write this kind of descriptions.

Paragraph 1 — Introduction. Usually sets the scene, telling:

• Why you have chosen the person you're going to describe

• Where you met the person you describe

• How you got to know him/her

Paragraph 2 — Development. Usually describes the person's appearance and the clothes he/she likes to wear. The following phrases may help you:

• S/he looks/ seems/appears ...

• S/he's got short, curly hair and a fringe.

• S/he's short with a pale complexion.

• Her/His eyes are ....

• The first thing you notice is ....

• Another characteristic is ....

Paragraph 3 — Development. Usually describes the person's character:

• His/her likes and dislikes, preferences, pet hates, etc

• His/her personality traits

Paragraph 4 — Conclusion. Sums up your feelings about the person you describe, if possible, in a humorous or memorable way.

PROS AND CONS OF LIVING IN A BIG CITY

Living in the city has both advantages and disadvantages but in my opinion it is more comfortable and exciting than life in the country or a small town.

First of all, cities offer better education and it is easier to find a good, interesting and well - paid job. There are more opportunities to succeed in life. Moreover, there is a good selection of cinemas, theatres, galleries or restaurants where people may spend their leisure time. There is always something interesting to see or do and it is just impossible to be bored. The services in a big city are always better. There are a lot of good shops and department stores where shopping can be done quickly and easily.

Besides, there are many sports facilities such as swimming pools, tennis courts or gyms where people can practice their favourite sports.

However, living in the big city has also some disadvantages. Most city - dwellers are forced to live in blocks of flats. It often happens that they do not even know their neighbours and in an emergency they cannot count on their help.

Another big problem is heavy traffic. Fumes emitted directly into the atmosphere pollute the air so heavily that many city - dwellers suffer from serious medical disorders. Besides, the noise never stops and there are numerous car accidents almost every day. Furthermore, it is very difficult to find a parking place, especially in the centre.

In addition to all this, the crime rate in most cities is very high. Some people never go out in the evening because they are afraid of being robbed or abused. They also dread leaving their flat as there are frequent burglaries in big cities nowadays.

In spite of all these disadvantages, many inhabitants love their cities and cannot imagine themselves living in the country.

PROS AND CONS OF LIVING IN THE COUNTRY

“It is only in the country that we can get to know a person or a book”, the saying goes. Though, in Ukraine it has never been easy. Even today it is not very comfortable. Of course a lot has changed. People have built new houses, new roads and buildings. The different between the city and the country is gradually disappearing. Now most people live in comfortable and well - equipped houses. However, villages do not become cities.

The biggest advantage of the countryside is the environment. Less traffic and industry means that the air is cleaner and people have fewer health problems. Secondly, people are thought to be friendlier in the country and there is less crime. Finally, the hills, the trees and fields found in the countryside provide a more beautiful setting in which to live.All these factors lead to a less stressful, healthier lifestyle.

On the other hand, in the country there is the shortage of health centres, shops, cinemas and clubs. In addition, getting to these places can be difficult without a car since there is less public transport. Another problem is unemployment. Many people who used to work on big state farms suddenly lost their jobs. Most of them do not have enough money to buy some land or to start their own business.

In summary, despite it’s lack of public services and entertainments, the countryside offers a healthy lifestyle in an attractive environment.

“All Things for All People, Everywhere.”

- kinds of shops

- describe the possible goods to buy

- shopping in Chernihiv

Shopping: The fine art of getting things you don't need, with money you don't have, to impress people you don't like. Shopping is cheaper than a psychiatrist.

Going shopping is an integral part of our everyday life. For some people it's a pleasant pastime while for others it's an everyday routine. But whether you like shopping or not you have to do it because it's a necessity.

At present shopping has become more exciting than it used to be several decades ago. Today people do a lot of shopping every day, because all necessary facilities are provided for them. In large cities and even in small towns there are all kinds of shops and stores as well as supermarkets.

Supermarkets are big self-service food shops. These shops are brightly lit and pleasant music is always playing while you are walking along the shop. The shelves are well stocked with a wide selection of attractively packed goods. Everything from quick-frozen food to washing powder, from tinned fish to tooth paste can be bought there.

If you are going to buy some clothes, electrical appliances or souvenirs, the best place to visit is a department store. A department store is a store which sells many different kinds of goods, each in a separate department. Some departments provide special services among them there can be a travel agency or a chemist's for example. In Chernihiv there are supermarkets of different chains, such as Eko Market, ATB Market, Silpo, Velyka Kyshenya and others.

Besides supermarkets and department stores our town has a market where local people sell vegetables from their gardens. There is also Privokzalny market where larger traders arrive in big trucks that are overloaded with melons, oranges, bananas, etc in order to sell them. One can find dried fruit, cheese, nuts, honey, cereals and other food in the markets as well.

Certainly some people dislike shopping and order goods on the Internet. Today you can buy everything on the Internet. One of the reasons why people prefer to use the Internet today to buy this or that thing is that it's time-saving. In addition usually it's cheaper to buy things on the Internet, you won't face long waiting lines in each register, endless queues and deal with intrusive shop assistants. For all these reasons shopping on the Internet is a great relief for many people.

As for me, my experience of a shopper is very limited. As a rule I go shopping to the nearest shop to buy some bread, milk, yogurt, cheese, tea, etc. When I return home it often turns out that I have forgotten to buy something my mother needs to prepare a dinner; even a shopping list doesn't help, because I usually leave it on my table. If I need to buy some clothes and shoes I prefer to do it with my mum or friends.

In the end I'd like to say that more often shopping is both a must and a pleasure; and certainly it's an unavoidable thing!

1) Who does most of the shopping in your family?

There isn't one person who does most of the shopping. I'd say it's a shared responsibility because we tend to go shopping together as a family.

2) What kind of shopping do you like doing?

I like shopping for presents for people's birthdays or for Christmas. My favourite type of shop is a bookshop.

TRAVELLING

Modern life is impossible without travelling. People travel for many reasons. Some guests go to places on business. They are business travelers. They go to conferences or meetings. Business travelers are very busy during their trip. Other people travel for leisure. They are holidaymakers or vacationers. During their holiday, they like to relax. They also like to see new places.

Sometimes people travel to celebrate. For example, some couples travel after they get married. This kind of trip is called a honeymoon. People on their honeymoon are honeymooners. They like romantic places.

We often get tired of the same surroundings and daily routine. Hence some relaxation is essential to restore our mental and physical resources. That is why the best place of relaxation, in my opinion, is the one where you have never been before. And it is by means of travelling that you get to that place.

Moreover, traveling encourages us to learn and adapt. Many individuals who travel constantly will face language barriers, thus forcing them to learn a new language to “survive” in a particular place. Not only that, by adapting in a new place, it gives others a chance to learn more from us.

Traveling is one of the ways to put things into perspective. Though, sometimes it depends upon your travel destination.

If you live somewhere in Europe, traveling over the European countries could be just the way to spend your holidays. Some people think that it would be the perfect distraction from their struggle against difficulties.

Thousands of people travel every day either on business or for pleasure. They can travel by air, by rail, by sea or by road.

Of course, travelling by air is the fastest and the most convenient way, but it is the most expensive too. Travelling by train is slower than by plane, but it has its advantages. You can see much more interesting places of the country you are travelling through. Modern trains have very comfortable seats. There are also sleeping cars and dining cars which make even the longest journey enjoyable. Speed, comfort and safety are the main advantages of trains and planes. That is why many people prefer them to all other means.

Travelling by sea is very popular. Large ships and small river boats can visit foreign countries and different places of interest within their own country. As for me, I prefer travelling by car. I think it's very convenient. You needn't reserve tour tickets. You needn't carry heavy suitcases. You can stop wherever you wish, and spend at any place as much time as you like.

UKRAINE

Ukraine is a sovereign state. Its independence was proclaimed in 1991.

The Ukrainian Constitution states that the National symbols of country are the National Flag, the National Emblem and the National Anthem.

The State Flag of Ukraine is a banner of two equally-sized horizontal bands of blue and yellow. The colours are symbolic – yellow for wheat in the fields and blue for the sky above them.

The National Emblem is a trident. The first image of a trident appeared in the IX century A.D. On February 19, 1992, the trident was approved as the Small State Coat of Arms and principal element of the Great State Coat of Arms.

The National Anthem is a song called “Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished”, whose performance starts and ends the official ceremonies of the state importance. It had been set to the music by Mykhailo Verbytskyi and verse by Pavlo Chubynskyi.

Ukraine is situated in the east of Europe. The territory of Ukraine is about 600 000 square kilometres. Ukraine borders on Russia, Belarus, Poland, Moldova, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania. In the south it is washed by the Black and the Azov Seas. Ukraine is larger than France and Great Britain but considerably smaller than Russia.

5% of Ukraine’s territory is mountainous; the rest part of the Ukrainian area is flat.

Ukraine has the Carpathians and the Crimean Mountains. The Carpathians is the natural mountainous boundary of Ukraine. They are covered with mixed forests of pine, fir, beech and oak trees.

The Dnieper is the main river of the country; moreover, it’s the third longest river in Europe. Such rivers as the Dniester, the Danube, the Southern Bug and the Siversky Donets are also important.

The population of our country is about 46 million people. The biggest cities of Ukraine are Kyiv, Kharkiv, Lviv, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhya, Donetsk, Odessa, Mykolaiv and others.

Ukraine is developed industrial and agricultural country. It’s rich in iron ore, coal, natural gas, oil, salt and other mineral resources. The main branches of industry are: coal and ore mining, iron and steel engineering, machine and ship building. Besides, Ukraine has always been an agrarian country. Traditionally crop-growing and cattlebreeding are being developed.. Scientists of Ukraine make their contributions of important discoveries and inventions to the world science.

Ukraine has a rich historical and cultural heritage. There are many higher educational establishments, theatres, libraries, museums, art galleries in Ukraine. It’s also famous for many outstanding writers, poets and musicians.

Ukraine is a member of the United Nation Organization and takes part in the work of many international organizations.

QUESTIONS

1. What are the national symbols of Ukraine?

2. Describe the National Flag.

3. Where were the blue and golden colours incorporated?

4. What emblems of the cities do you know?

5. What is the National Emblem?

6. Why was trident chosen to be the emblem?

7. When were the Emblem and the Flag of Ukraine endorsed?

8. Who wrote the lyrics and music to the Anthem of Ukraine?

9. Where is Ukraine situated?

10. Which countries does it border on?

11. What seas is Ukraine washed by?

12. What natural resources is the country rich in?

13. What are the main products of Ukrainian industry?

Unhealthy Food

In today's fast-moving world, people have less and less time to spend eating or cooking. This is one of the main reasons forthe increasing popularity of junk food. Furthermore, the loss of tradition, partly brought about by the fact that the sty le of life represented on TV is fast, leads young people to believe that a fast life style means excitement, whereas anything traditional is slow. As a result of this, young people are rejecting traditional food and turning to junk food.

However, junk food can not only result in weight gain and poor skin, but can also increase the risk of cancer, and heart or liver disease.

On the other hand, eating healthy food has many positive effects. Firstly, it can reduce the risks of cancer and heart disease. In addition, it can help people gain a slim figure, glowing skin and an all-round feeling of good health.

In spite of the fact that the majority of people are aware of the dangers of junk food, they continue to eat it. However, little do they seem to realize that by returning to traditional eating habits, not only would they feel healthier, but they would also be better equipped for their stressful lifestyles

What Makes a Close Friend!

For all of us, close personal friends are important. Good friends are above all reliable people who you can trust to keep a secret. If you have a problem to solve, or a confession to make, they will listen and give you helpful advice. Their generosity is such that they do not expect anything in return, but they know with certainty that you would do the same for them.

Janet is my best friend; we go to school together. We have been friends for 5 years already, since she came to our school. Some people say that we look alike but I don't think so. Janet has got green eyes and dark hair, while my eyes are blue and I'm fair-haired. She has a lovely fresh complexion and a beautiful mouth with full lips, but she is short-sighted so she wears contact lenses. Janet is quite tall and has a beautiful slim figure. Actually we are the same height and build, maybe that is why our neighbours sometimes take me for Janet. Janet is very smart and looks really attractive when she dresses up to go out with her boyfriend.

Janet likes studying languages and is thinking of learning them at the university to be able to work later for a travel agency. She can already speak French and Spanish fluently and is learning modern Greek. Janet loves being with crowds of people and makes friends easily. She loves going to parties, and there she immediately becomes the centre of attention. Janet is good at games but never takes them seriously, so when we play tennis, I always win because she doesn't care if she wins or loses.

Janet is very witty and amusing and she always cheers me up when I am depressed because she has a wonderful sense of humour. She is an intelligent and hard-working person, but she doesn't get good marks at school because she doesn't study enough. I admire her because she is so bright and energetic.

KYIV

We live in Ukraine. It is an independent sovereign state. The capital of our country is Kyiv. It is the largest, the most important and the most beautiful city. It is also famous for its greenery. Chestnut tree is the plant symbol of Kyiv.

The population of Kyiv is about 3 mln inhabitants.

Kyiv is an ancient city. It’s over 1500 years old. According to the legend, Kyiv was founded by three brothers, Kyi, Shchek, and Khoryv, and their sister Lybid. The city was named after Kyi, the eldest brother. The monument erected in their honor stands on the bank of the River Dnipro.

With the establishment of Kyivan Rus' (the 9th century), Kyiv became its capital.

Today Kyiv is one of the greatest ancient European cities, rich with the monuments of art and architecture. It is a political, scientific, cultural, sports, and industrial centre of modern Ukraine.

The centre of the city is Khreschatic. The name Khreschayic originated from Khreschaty Yar (Crossed Valley). Many years ago at this place there was a valley surrounded by thick forest. Khreschatic is rather short, only 1.5 km, but it is very wide and lined with chestnut trees. There are a lot of modern and old buildings, fine shops, cozy cafes, fashionable restaurants, modern offices there. On Sundays it becomes a walking place as traffic doesn’t run.

Independence Square (Maidan Nezalezhnosti) is the city’s main square and one of the most popular places for meetings and concerts.

St.Sophia’s Catherdral is a must-see landmark in Kyiv. This majestic church was built in the 11^th century bu Prince Yaroslav the Wise to commemorate the victory over the Pechenegs. The Cathedral is famous for its frescoes and mosaics. Not far from St’ Sophia’s Cathedral there is one more tourist attraction – the reconstructed remains of Golden Gate, the main entrance to ancient Kyiv. Now it is a museum.

The city has many hotels, cafes, and restaurants with Ukrainian, European, American, and Eastern cuisine to accommodate tourists and business persons. Stadiums, tennis courts, swimming pools, and gyms are also available for you.

TEACHER.Burmenko

Speaking Comprehension Test 9