Valya

 1. Irregular verbs

2. the rule (Viber)

3. GB ex. 15 p. 19

Завдання

 1. Irregular verbs

2. The words for dictation

3. Read translate and learn the words by heart

A shelter - укриття

To take shelter or to shelter – yкритися

As the storm clouds gathered overhead, we decided to take shelter in the nearby cabin to stay dry and safe.

Civilians often had to take shelter in basements or cellars during bombing raids.

As the temperature dropped, the animals began to take shelter in their burrows to escape the cold.

During the earthquake, people rushed out of their homes and workplaces to take shelter in open areas.

Terror /ˈterə(r)/– жах, терор

There was a look of terror on his face.

a look of terror – вираз жаху

When the cat unexpectedly jumped out from behind the curtain, the dog's playful expression turned into a look of terror.

When the haunted house's door creaked /kriːk/ open mysteriously, a look of terror crossed her face.

As the ghost stories were told around the campfire, some of the kids had a look of terror, while others giggled nervously.

The hiker lost his way in the dense forest, and as night fell, he had a look of terror as he realized he was lost.

trauma/ˈtrɔːmə/ - шок, травма

Rebuilding efforts after the flood not only focused on physical reconstruction but also on addressing the emotional trauma experienced by residents.

The trauma caused by the wildfire's destruction led to a collective effort to support those who had lost everything.

The floods caused widespread trauma among the affected communities, leaving them with deep emotional scars.

After the earthquake, many people experienced trauma from the destruction and loss of their homes.

Intense /ɪnˈtens/ - інтенсивний, дуже сильний

She felt intense happiness when she received the surprise gift.

The athletes had an intense workout session to prepare for the upcoming tournament.

The desert experienced intense heat during the summer months.

After the accident, he felt intense pain in his leg.

an intense discussion

intense hours of study

intense feeling of excitement

an intense experience

a survivor /səˈvaɪvə/ - той, що залишився в живих або вижив

Emergency help is needed for survivors of the earthquake.

There were no survivors among at least 261 people on board.

The brave firefighters rescued a trapped survivor from the burning building.

Aid organizations provided food, water, and medical assistance to the survivors of the disaster.

Likely - можливий, ймовірний

To be likely to do/that – можливо, ймовірно

Do remind me because I'm likely to forget.

It's likely that he'll say no.

If I leave early, I am likely to avoid the rush hour traffic.

If you practice regularly, you will be likely to improve your basketball skills.

it's likely that the store will close early today due to the severe weather warning.

It's likely that the bus will arrive soon, as the schedule shows.

It's likely that she will wear a jacket because it's cold outside.

a vehicle - /ˈviːɪkl/ - транспортний засіб

The stormy weather caused damage to several vehicles in the parking lot.

The thief managed to escape on a stolen vehicle after breaking into several homes.

The collision between two vehicles resulted in a major traffic jam during rush hour.

The heavy rain made the roads slippery, leading to several vehicles skidding and crashing.

To howl /haʊl/ - вити, завивати, стогнати

The wind began to howl loudly, signaling the approach of a fierce storm.

The puppy tried to howl like the big dogs, but it sounded more like a squeak.

The dog's constant howling at night kept the neighbours awake and annoyed.

The storm outside made the tree branches sway and howl.

4. "by" is used to indicate the cause or agent of an action:

The dog was scared by the loud fireworks. (The loud fireworks caused/was the reason of the fear.)

The building was damaged by the earthquake.

The glass was broken by a strong gust of wind (порив вітру).

The decision was influenced by his persuasive arguments.

She was comforted by her friend's kind words.

I was frightened by a strange noise.

5. GB ex. 1. p. 52

6. Павліченко ex. 20 p. 165

Завдання

1. Irregular verbs

2. CB p. 45 - retell the text

3. Unchecked exercises

4.  "by" is used to indicate the cause or agent of an action:

The dog was scared by the loud fireworks. (The loud fireworks caused/was the reason of the fear.)

The building was damaged by the earthquake.

The glass was broken by a strong gust of wind (порив вітру).

The decision was influenced by his persuasive arguments.

She was comforted by her friend's kind words.

I was frightened by a strange noise.

Завдання

 1. Irregular verbs

2. The words by heart and for dictation

3. Read, translate and learn the words by heart

Part II

Severe /sɪˈvɪə/ - extremely bad; серйозний, важкий, суворий

severely damaged - сильно пошкоджений

The car accident left the front of the vehicle severely damaged, making it impossible to drive.

The heavy impact of the collision severely damaged the bicycle, rendering it unrideable.

The phone slipped from her hand and landed on the ground, ending up severely damaged.

The old, abandoned house at the end of the street appeared severely damaged, with broken windows and crumbling walls.

debris [ U ] pl./ˈdebriː/ - уламки, сміття, залишки

She was hit by flying debris from the blast.

The beach was littered with debris.

She always removes old plant debris.

After the explosion, the streets were filled with debris from the damaged buildings.

The earthquake caused buildings to collapse, creating a dangerous mix of debris in the affected area.

To estimate - підраховувати, оцінювати

They estimated that a hundred people were killed in the accident.

The number of dead is estimated at a hundred.

The tree is estimated to be at least 700 years old.

It is not easy to estimate how many people have the disease.

The mechanic estimated the cost of repairs at $350.

A fault system - системa розломів

A fault system is a crack in the Earth's crust where rocks have moved, causing earthquakes.

Geologists study the fault system to understand how tectonic forces shape the Earth's surface.

The San Andreas Fault System in California is well-known for its seismic activity.

Movement along a fault system can create mountains, valleys, and other geological features.

Learning about the fault system helps us predict and prepare for potential earthquakes.

A crack – тріщина, щілина

Several cups had cracks in them.

I could see sunlight through a crack in the curtains.

The crack in the bedroom wall seems to be widening.

Earth`s crust [ɜ:θz] - земна кора

The outermost layer of our planet is called Earth's crust, and it's where we live and build.

Geologists study Earth's crust to learn about the rocks and landforms that make up our world.

Mountains, valleys, and even ocean floors are part of Earth's crust.

Earth's crust is relatively thin compared to the rest of the planet.

To make matters worth – що ще гірше… погіршит ситуацію.

And to make matters worse, when I got in there, he was standing there!

Don't let yourself despair; this will only make matters worse...

 My house has termites. To make matters worse, the pipes leak.

The store was out of my favourite ice cream, and to make matters worse, they were also out of chocolate.

To strengthen – зміцнювати, підсилювати, укріпляти

The team has been strengthened by the arrival of two new players.

Metal supports were added to strengthen the outer walls.

The dollar has steadily strengthened against the yen in recent weeks.

The ship's decks will have to be strengthened to carry the extra weight.

emergency supplies - екстрені запаси

During a storm, people often rely on emergency supplies like flashlights and batteries.

If there's an earthquake, having emergency supplies can help you stay safe and comfortable.

Emergency supplies can include first aid kits, blankets, and basic medicines.

Remember to check your emergency supplies regularly to make sure they're still usable.

A nail, to nail – цвях, прибивати (цвяхами)

There was a 'private property' sign nailed to the tree.

The key was hanging on a nail by the door.

I need to nail this picture frame to the wall.

Can you help me nail these boards together to build a shelf?

Belongings pl. - the things that you own; речі, пожитки

I took a few personal belongings with me.

She packed her belongings in a suitcase before going on vacation.

The lost wallet was filled with valuable belongings like money and credit cards.

When moving to a new house, it's important to organize your belongings carefully.

Rash - done suddenly and without thinking carefully; поспішний, необачний

His rash decision to quit his job without a backup plan led to financial difficulties.

His rash driving behavior resulted in a serious accident.

The company suffered due to the CEO's rash business strategies.

It's important to think carefully before making a decision; rash choices can have consequences.

4. Unchecked exercise

5. GB pp. 50-51

Valya

 1. Irregular verbs

2. Unchecked exercises

3.  Whom (якого, кому, ким, про якого) як відносний займенник. У цьому значенні майже не вживається)

I spoke to a man. I had met him before.

                                                   him → whom/who/ that

I spoke to a man whom (who, that) I had met before.

Sara is a teacher. I admire her.

                                                   her → whom/who/ that

Sara is a teacher who(m)/who/ that I admire.

Не плутати!

I saw him in the park yesterday.

Who(m) did I see in the park yesterday?

He knows them.

Who(m) does he know?

4. Правило: коли можна і коли не можна пропускати relative pronouns (відносні займенники)

Who/that/ which/ whose не можна пропускати у таких випадках:

Who(that) (about people) – subject (cannot be omitted)

I met a man. He can speak six languages.

he → who

I met a man who can speak six languages.

I know a lot of people. They live in London.

                                                 they → who

I know a lot of people who live in London

 

 

That (which) (про тварин, предмети та явища) - subject (cannot be omitted)

This is a bus. It goes to your city.

                                                  It → that

This is the bus that goes to your city.

Where are the eggs? They were in the fridge

                                                   they → that

Where are the eggs that were in the fridge?

Whose (people, objects, animals) – possession (cannot be omitted)

That`s the woman. Her house caught the fire yesterday.

                                                 her → whose

That`s the woman whose house caught the fire yesterday.

Але!

У деяких випадках відносні займенники можна пропустити.

whom/who/ that (people) - object – додаток (can be omitted)

I spoke to a man. I had met him before.

                                                   him → whom/who/ that

I spoke to a man whom (who, that) I had met before.

I spoke to a man I had met before.

Sara is a teacher. I admire her.

                                                   her → whom/who/ that

Sara is a teacher whom/who/ that I admire.

Sara is a teacher I admire.

That/which (objects, animals) – object – додаток (can be omitted)

That is the book. I read it last summer.

                                                   it → which/that

That is the book which/that I read last summer.

This is the book I read last summer.

5. 

Завдання.

    1. Irregular verbs

2. The rule (Viber)

3. GB ex. 5 p. 103

4. read, translate and learn the words by heart

Did you pass the biology test?

out of…  поза…

the kid is out of the garden.

This whole situation is getting out of control.

Out of school there is still much to be learned.

Most of the disable children are out of school.

Casual – повсякденний

Jean felt more comfortable in casual clothes.

 a casual jacket

Casual clothes are comfortable, and suitable for wearing in informal situations

Feminine – жіночий

Hairstyles this autumn are long, soft and very feminine.

Lindsay wears very feminine clothes - pretty dresses with flowers on and things like that.

to wear one's hair loose - носити волосся розпущеним

to warn – попереджати

I warned you not to walk home alone.

 Motorists are being warned to avoid the centre of London this weekend.

‘Be careful, the rocks are slippery, ’ Alex warned.

Tough – жорсткий, важкий

He's had a tough time at work recently.

We've had to make some tough decisions.

I know she's only a kid, but she's tough.

Whereas –в той час як, тоді як

His parents were rich, whereas mine had to struggle.

Doctors’ salaries have risen substantially, whereas nurses’ pay has actually fallen.

Whereas knowledge can be acquired from books, skills must be learned through practice.

to get one`s foot in the door – зробити першій крок; отримати шанс; почати свій шлях до мети

Women often struggle just to get a foot in the door.

He took a job as a secretary to get his foot in the door.

Making contacts can help you get a foot in the door when it comes to getting a job.

Valya

 1. Irregular verbs

2.  GB ex. 14 p. 19

3 The rule (Viber)

4. 

Завдання

 1. Irregular verbs

2. The third part of the words  - for dictation

3. CB p. 45 (read and translate)

4. Павліченко ex. 20 p. 165 and ex. 2 p. 169

Завдання

 1. Irregular verbs

2. Prefix ‘co – ‘/kəʊ-/вказує на певну дію, що виконується спільно з кимось або чимось.

coeducation – спільне навчання

coexist – співіснувати

cooperative – спільний, об'єднаний

co-worker – колега, товариш по роботі

collaboration – співробітництво, співпраця

Coauthor – Співавтор

Co-own – Співвласник

Coequal - Рівнозначний

Co-founder – Співзасновник

 

Exercise: Choose the correct word from the box and write it in the appropriate sentence: coeducation, coexist, cooperative, co-worker, collaboration, co-author, co-own, coequal, co-founder

 

Despite their differences, the various cultures in the city manage to __________ peacefully.

In a __________ partnership, both parties have equal rights and responsibilities.

In a __________ school, boys and girls study together in the same classrooms.

Jane and her friend __________ a small bakery downtown.

Mark enjoys working with his friendly __________ on projects.

The __________ of the company had a vision that shaped its mission and values.

The company encourages a __________ atmosphere where employees work together to achieve common goals.

The success of their business was a result of __________ between different departments.

The two scientists decided to __________ a research paper on climate change.

3. Read, translate and learn the words by heart

An impact – вплив, ефект, удар, зіткнення

the full impact of - affects various aspects of the people's social, economic, or emotional well-being. – сильний вплив/ефект чогось; завдяки; повний вплив

The full impact of a good night's sleep can make you feel refreshed and energized.

The full impact of the storm was visible in the fallen trees and scattered debris.

The full impact of the news left her speechless and shocked.

The full impact of a healthy diet and exercise can lead to a stronger body.

The full impact of kindness can brighten someone's day and create a positive atmosphere.

To measure – вимірювати

I've measured all the windows.

The distances were measured in kilometres.

We can measure the energy that food provides in calories.

The Richter scale /ˈrɪk.tə skeɪl/ - a system used to measure the strength of an earthquake; Шкала Ріхтера

The Richter scale is a tool used by seismologists to measure the energy released during an earthquake.

When an earthquake occurs, seismographs are used to measure the ground movement and calculate its magnitude on the Richter scale.

The Richter scale allows us to measure the size of earthquakes accurately, from minor tremors to major quakes.

A massive earthquake - потужний землетрус

A quake - informal for earthquake

A massive earthquake measuring M6.0 (магнітудою) on the Richter scale hit Ecuador-Colombia border region on October 20, 2014.

A powerful tsunami, triggered by an undersea earthquake measuring M9.2 on the Richter scale, struck the coastal area on March 11, 2021.

A strong quake, with a magnitude of 5.5 on the Richter scale, struck the town on June 10, 2019.

A major earthquake, a 6.4 on the Richter scale, rocked the city on September 3, 2016.

An intense tremor, measuring 5.9 on the Richter scale, was felt on January 8, 2020.

A tremor /ˈtremə/ - тремор, тремтіння, поштовх землетрусу

A sudden tremor shook the ground, causing everyone to run to safety.

During the earthquake, people felt a strong tremor that made their houses sway.

Scientists use seismographs to measure and record the intensity of tremors during an earthquake.

The residents were used to occasional tremors, but this one felt stronger than usual.

The tremor caused some minor damage to buildings, such as cracked walls and broken windows.

To rock – трястися, колихатися

The continuous rocking of the ground made it difficult for people to maintain their balance.

The earthquake's force was enough to rock the foundations of the houses, causing cracks to appear.

The tremors were so strong that they rocked cars parked on the streets.

The buildings began to rock as the powerful quake struck the city.

People held onto furniture to steady themselves as the ground rocked beneath them.

Recall - to remember something; пригадувати, згадувати

I don't recall arranging a time to meet.

I can’t recall who gave me the information.

 As I recall, it was you who suggested this idea in the first place.

I don’t recall seeing any cars parked outside.

Many years later Muir recalled his days at Glasgow University.

To trap (often passive) – потрапити у пастку

Twenty miners were trapped underground.

There’s no way out! We’re trapped!

The heavy rain created a flood that trapped several families in their homes.

The collapsed building became a deadly trap for those caught inside during the earthquake.

The hurricane's fierce winds downed power lines, trapping many residents without electricity.

4. GB - Passive p. 50

5. Павліченко ex. 12 p. 160

ex. 15 p. 162

ex. 18 p. 164

Завдання

 1. Irregular verbs

2. The words by heart and for dictation.

3. Revise everything you know concerning Passive Voice😊

Завдання

 1. Irregular verbs

2. Revise all the words

3. The words (part III) by heart and for dictation

4. Study GB pp. 50-51

Valya

 1. Irregular verbs

2. Relative Clauses

(підрядні речення)

with relative pronouns - who/that/which

The man who lives next door is very friendly.

who lives next door – relative clause

A relative clause tells us:

a)  Which person or thing the speaker means:

The man who lives next door… (who lives next door tells us which man)

b) What kind of person or thing the speaker means:

People who live in London can shop at famous department stores like Harrods and Selfridges. (who live in London tells us what kind of people)

Who

вказує тільки на людей, інколи на хатніх тварин (не використовуй в тестах).

I met a man. He can speak six languages.

he → who

I met a man who can speak six languages.

This is my cat. He ate my breakfast.

he → who

This is my cat who ate my breakfast.

I know a lot of people. They live in London.

                                                 they → who

I know a lot of people who live in London

Так же можливо вживати that замість who (але не завжди)

The man that lives next door is very friendly

 

That (which)

Вказує  на тварин, предмети та явища.

This is a bus. It goes to your city.

                                                  It → that

This is the bus that goes to your city.

Where are the eggs? They were in the fridge

                                                   they → that

Where are the eggs that were in the fridge?

Замість that можна також вживати which (але не для людей)

Where are the eggs which were in the fridge?

This is the bus which goes to your city.

 

Make one sentence from two. Use who/that/which. Follow the example: A bus goes to the airport. It runs every hour. -

The bus that (which) goes to the airport runs every hour.

 

The girl is my best friend. She always makes me laugh.

The book is very interesting. I am reading it right now.

The dog is very friendly. It loves to play fetch.

The car is fast. It won the race.

The house is old. It has a beautiful garden.

The movie is a comedy. It made me laugh a lot.

The computer is new. It has a lot of storage space.

The cake is delicious. It was made by my mom.

The painting is beautiful. It was created by a famous artist.

The restaurant is popular. It serves amazing food.

3. Prefix – ir

Вживається тільки перед r

Responsible – irresponsible - невідповідальний

Regular – irregular – нерегулярний, неправильний

Rational – irrational – нераціональний, нерозумний, нелогічний, несумісне з розумом, безглузде й абсурдне.

Relevant – irrelevant - не має відношення до чогось, недоречний

BUT: unreliable  - ненадійний

Unreasonable – необгрунтований

Unreal (irreal) – нереальний (неможливий, ілюзорний) для опису фентезі, міфології та надуманої вигадки, а іноді як прикметник для опису ситуацій і досвіду, які є просто дивними чи химерними.

Unrealistic (irrealistic)– нереалістичний (далекий від реальності, від життя); нездійсненний, неможливий (нереалістичні очікування, ціль, завдання, мета, графік тощо).

Fill in the gaps with the correct forms of the words from the box to obtain

logical and grammatically correct sentences:

responsible, regular, rational, relevant, reliable, reasonable, real, realistic (use each word twice)

1.    A(n) ___ employee may frequently miss work or fail to meet deadlines.

2.    Expecting someone to complete a project in a(n) ___ timeframe is unreasonable.

3.    For a while I couldn't believe she was dead - it all seemed ___.

4.    He was acting ­­­___ by spending all his money on video games.

5.    I can't explain it, but my fear of spiders is completely ___.

6.    It's ___ to think that wearing a lucky hat will help you win a game.

7.    It's ___ to expect to become a professional athlete without training.

8.    It's ___ to expect everyone to have the same opinion on every topic.

9.    She has a totally ___ view of life.

10.                  She was being ___ by not wearing a helmet while riding her bike.

11.                  That information is ___to the discussion.

12.                  The book's conclusion was ___ to the story.

13.                  The ___ spelling of some English words can make them difficult to pronounce.

14.                  The shape of the rock is ___, it's not a perfect circle or square.

15.                  The special effects in the movie made the action scenes seem ___.

16.                  The weather forecast can be ___ at times.