1.
Prefix ‘a-‘ /eɪ/
Префікс a- приєднується тільки до тих слів, що
починаються з приголосного. Він має значення:
1) відсутності певної якості.
political →
apolitical (аполітичний)
sexual →
asexual (асексуальний, безстатевий)
theist /ˈθiː.ɪst/
→ atheist /ˈeɪ.θi.ɪst/ (атеїст)
moral → amoral (аморальний)
amoral or immoral ?
"amoral" describes a lack of moral values or
principles, whereas "immoral" describes behavior that violates those
principles. («amoral» описує відсутність моральних цінностей або принципів, тоді як «immoral» описує поведінку, яка порушує ці принципи.)
The shark is an amoral
creature that kills without any sense of right or wrong.
Not caring about other people's feelings is an example of
amoral behavior.
The AI assistant on your phone is amoral because it doesn't have its own values or beliefs.
It is immoral
to steal from others, even if you are in desperate need.
Lying is an example of immoral behavior because it goes against the value of honesty.
Cheating on a test is considered immoral
I am apolitical
and do not support any political party or candidate.
Some people choose to remain apolitical and avoid discussing political issues.
Being apolitical
can be a personal choice, and it does not mean that someone is not
interested in social issues.
Asexual
individuals do not experience sexual attraction to others.
Asexual reproduction
allows organisms to produce offspring without a mate.
An atheist
is someone who does not believe in the existence of a god or gods.
Atheists
often look to science and reason to
explain the world around them.
Not all atheists
are the same, and they can have different beliefs and values.
To look to –
шукати чогось, звертатися
He always looked
to his father for advice.
We need to look
to ways of improving our marketing.
We look to
others for support, for example in online groups.
2. Translate
Some animals, such as starfish and some lizards, are
capable of asexual reproduction.
Asexuality is a sexual orientation where an individual
does not experience sexual attraction to others.
Asexual reproduction can be an advantage in certain
environments as it allows for rapid population growth without the need for a
mate.
Atheism has been a subject of philosophical debate for
centuries.
My friend is an atheist because she doesn't go to
church.
Just because someone is an atheist doesn't mean they
are a bad person.
Apolitical means not interested in politics.
My aunt is apolitical and doesn't like to talk about
politics.
Some people choose to be apolitical because they don't
like arguing about politics.
Some people think that animals are amoral because they
don't have a moral code like humans do.
A person who is amoral may do things that others
consider unethical or immoral without feeling guilty about it.
Just because someone is amoral doesn't mean they are a
bad person, but it can make it difficult to trust them.
Some people prefer asymmetrical hairstyles because
they are more unique.
An asymmetrical dress has a hemline that is longer on
one side than the other.
The weather this summer has been atypical for this
region, with lots of rain instead of sunshine.
An atypical day for me would be one where I don't have
to go to work.
The movie had an atypical ending that surprised
everyone in the audience.
3. Learn by heart + GB pp. 29-30
Introductory
verb + to-infinitive
Agree
Example:
Direct speech: She said, "Yes, I'll help you with
your project."
Reported speech: She agreed to help me with my
project.
"Yes, I
will donate some money to the charity," she said.
Claim
Example:
Direct speech: "I saw a UFO last night," he
said.
Reported speech: He claimed to have seen a UFO the previous night. OR
He claimed that he had seen a UFO the previous night.
"I've
read all of Shakespeare's plays," she said.
Demand
Example:
Direct speech: "Give me your phone number,"
she said.
Reported speech: She demanded to be given my phone number. OR
She demanded that I (should )give her my phone number
"Tell me
the truth," he said.
Offer
Example:
Direct speech: "Can I carry your bags?" he
said.
Reported speech: He offered to carry my bags.
"Do you
want me to pick you up from the airport?" she said.
Promise
Example:
Direct speech: "I'll call you back later,"
she said.
Reported speech: She promised to call me back later.
OR
She promised that she would call me back later.
"I'll
take care of the kids while you're at work," she said.
Refuse
Example:
Direct speech: "I can't lend you any money,"
he said.
Reported speech: He refused to lend me any money.
"I won't
go to the party," she said.
Threaten
Example:
Direct speech: "Stop or I'll call the
police," he said.
Reported speech: He threatened to call the police if I
didn't stop. OR
He threatened that he would call the police if I
didn`t stop
"Do it
again and I'll fire you," he said.
Introductory
verb + sb + to-infinitive
Advise
Example:
Direct speech: "You should take a break,"
she said.
Reported speech: She advised me to take a break.
"You
should study more," he said.
Ask
Example:
Direct speech: "Can you give me a hand?" she
said.
Reported speech: She asked me to give her a hand.
"Could
you pass me the salt?" he said.
Beg
Example:
Direct speech: "Please don't leave me," she
said.
Reported speech: She begged me not to leave her.
"Please,
please forgive me," he said.
Command
Example:
Direct speech: "Stop right there," he said.
Reported speech: He commanded me to stop right there.
"Get out
of my house right now," she said.
Encourage
Direct speech: "Don't give up, you can do it!"
she said.
Reported speech: She encouraged me not to give up, and
told me that I could do it.
"You
should apply for the job, I think you'd be great at it," he said.
Forbid
direct speech: She said, "You cannot use my
computer."
reported speech: She forbade me to use her computer.
He said,
"Don't touch that button!"
Invite
Direct speech: She said, "Would you like to go to
the cinema with me?"
Reported speech: She invited me to go to the cinema
with her.
"Do you
want to have dinner with me tonight?"
Order
Direct speech: He said, "Get out of my office
right now."
Reported speech: He ordered me to leave his office
immediately.
He said,
"Finish your homework before dinner."
Remind
Direct speech: "Don't forget to pick up the
laundry on your way home," she said.
Reported speech: She reminded me to pick up the
laundry on my way home.
"Remember
to bring your passport to the airport," he said.
Warn
Direct speech: "Don't go out alone at
night."
Reported speech: He warned me not to go out alone at
night.
Direct speech: "The water is too deep to swim
in."
Reported speech: He warned me that the water was too
deep to swim in.
"Don't
eat too much sugar; it's bad for your health."
Introductory
verb + ing form
Accuse sb of
Direct speech: "I saw you cheating during the
exam," he said.
Reported speech: He accused him of cheating/ having cheated during the exam.
"You are
lying to me," she said.
Admit (to)
Direct speech: "I broke the vase," she said.
Reported speech: She admitted to breaking the vase. OR
She admitted that she had broken the vase.
"I
cheated on the test," she said
Apologise for
Direct speech: "I'm sorry for being late,"
she said.
Reported speech: She apologised for being late.
"I'm
sorry I forgot your birthday," he said.
Boast
about/of
Direct speech: "I won the race with ease,"
he said.
Reported speech: He boasted of/about winning the race
with ease. OR
He boasted that he won/had won the race with ease.
"I climbed Mount Everest last year,"
she said.
Complain (to
sb) of
Direct speech: "My internet is always slow,"
he said.
Reported speech: He complained (to me) of his internet
always being slow. OR
He complained (to me) that his internet was always
slow.
"I'm
always tired in the morning," she said.
Deny
Direct speech: "I didn't break the vase,"
she said.
Reported speech: She denied breaking the vase. OR
She denied that she had broken the vase
"I
didn't eat the last cookie," he said.
Insist on
Direct speech: "You must come with me," he
said.
Reported speech: He insisted on me (my) coming with
him. OR
He insisted that I must/had to come with him.
"You
must try the soup," she said.
Suggest
Direct speech: She said, "Why don't we have a
picnic tomorrow?"
Reported speech: She suggested having a picnic the next
day. OR
She suggested that we have a picnic the next day.
He said,
"Why not try the new Italian restaurant?"
Introductory
verb + that-clause
explain
Direct speech: "I can't come to the meeting
because I have a doctor's appointment"
Reported speech: He explained that he couldn't come to
the meeting because he had a doctor's appointment.
"I am
leaving this job because it doesn't match my expectations"
Inform sb
"I'm sorry, but the concert has been
cancelled," he said.
He informed us that the concert had been cancelled.
"The
deadline for the project is next Friday," she said.
4. GB exs. 10,11 p.34
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