Ability |
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Modal Verbs |
Use |
Examples |
Can (можу, вмію)
Be able to
(зможе, у змозі) |
Ability in the present or future (фізична або розумова здатність, вміння або
можливість виконати дію
Бути спроможним щось виконати |
Can
you play the guitar? When you
graduate, you will be able to get a job. He is able
to do it. |
Could (вмів, міг)
Was/were able to (був у змозі, міг) |
Could
expresses general ability in the past Was/were able
to expresses ability in a particular
situation in the past. |
She could
skate when she was five. Jack could
swim, so he was able to save the boy from drowning. |
Obligation/Duty/
Necessity |
||
Must (повинен, мусиш, треба)
Have to (треба,
мушу, маю, доведеться)
Had to
Need |
When the speaker decides that he
or someone else is obliged to do sth Duty Order Obligation comes from external
factors. not from the speaker’s opinion or feelings. It is necessary to do sth
Obligation in the past Necessity (є, або немає необхідності у
чомусь) |
I must repair the roof before winter comes. (I decided) You must get up early tomorrow. (I decided)
You must listen to your teacher. Must I learn it by heart? (чи
повинен? чи треба? ти наполягаєш?)
Tomorrow you must come to school at eight.
Police officers have to
wear a uniform. (regulation – правило, норма) I have to see my dentist
tomorrow. (I have an appointment) Do I have to tidy my room? (Is it
necessary?} Compare: I must finish the report
by tomorrow. (I decided) I have to finish the
report by tomorrow. (The teacher decided) When I was at school. I had
to wake up at 7 o’clock every morning She needs a new pair of
gloves. Do I need to take an
umbrella? Need I take an umbrella? |
Logical
Assumptions (Deduction) |
||
Must |
Positive
deduction about the present or future. (We are sure
that something is true) |
John must be
at the dentist’s: he was complaining about toothache. She's wearing
a wedding ring. She must be married. |
Can’t/couldn’t |
Negative deduction about the present or future. (We are
almost sure that something is not true) |
The 6.30
train to Liverpool can’t be leaving yet: it’s only 6:10. The lights
are off in the house. They can't/ couldn’t be home yet. |
Prohibition |
||
Mustn’t Can’t |
It is
forbidden to do sth/you are not allowed to do sth/it is against the rules/law
to do sth |
We mustn’t
enter this room. You can’t use
this equipment. You mustn’t
smoke in this area. |
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