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 MODAL VERBS

Ability
Modal Verbs	Use	Examples
Can (можу, вмію)         Be able to (зможе, у змозі)	Ability in the present or future (фізична або розумова здатність, вміння або можливість виконати дію   Бути спроможним щось виконати	Can you play the guitar?         When you graduate, you will be able to get a job.   He is able to do it.
Could (вмів, міг)     Was/were able to (був у змозі, міг)	Could expresses general ability in the past   Was/were able to expresses ability in a particular situation in the past.	She could skate when she was five.     Jack could swim, so he was able to save the boy from drowning.
Obligation/Duty/ Necessity
Must (повинен, мусиш, треба)                           Have to (треба, мушу, маю, доведеться)                             Had to           Need	When the speaker decides that he or someone else is obliged to do sth     Duty       Order         Obligation comes from external factors. not from the speaker’s opinion or feelings.   It is necessary to do sth                       Obligation in the past           Necessity  (є, або немає необхідності у чомусь)	I must repair the roof before winter comes. (I decided) You must get up early tomorrow. (I decided)   You must listen to your teacher. Must I learn it by heart? (чи повинен? чи треба? ти наполягаєш?)   Tomorrow you must come to school at eight.     Police officers have to wear a uniform. (regulation – правило, норма)   I have to see my dentist tomorrow. (I have an appointment)   Do I have to tidy my room? (Is it necessary?}   Compare: I must finish the report by tomorrow. (I decided) I have to finish the report by tomorrow. (The teacher decided)   When I was at school. I had to wake up at 7 o’clock every morning   She needs a new pair of gloves. Do I need to take an umbrella? Need I take an umbrella?

 

Logical Assumptions (Deduction)
Must	Positive deduction about the present or future. (We are sure that something is true)	John must be at the dentist’s: he was complaining about toothache. She's wearing a wedding ring. She must be married.
Can’t/couldn’t	Negative deduction about the present or future. (We are almost sure that something is not true)	The 6.30 train to Liverpool can’t be leaving yet: it’s only 6:10. The lights are off in the house. They can't/ couldn’t be home yet.

 

Prohibition
Mustn’t Can’t	It is forbidden to do sth/you are not allowed to do sth/it is against the rules/law to do sth	We mustn’t enter this room. You can’t use this equipment. You mustn’t smoke in this area.

 

Possibility
Could/may/might             Could/may/might (+ perfect infinitive)     Could/ might (+ perfect infinitive)     Can (+ present infinitive)	Expressing possibility about the future, now or generally.           Expressing possibility about the real past     Expressing possibility about a hypothetical past (яке не існує)       General possibility, when we are not talking about a specific situation	You should talk to your doctor first because that diet could/may/might be dangerous.   George could/may/might (not) be at home now.   That could/may/might have been the doctor who rang earlier while we were out.   It’s a good thing you went to the doctor, or you could/might have become quite ill.     The streets can get very slippery when it rains.